LESSON LI: Stems in ι and υ of the Consonant Declension.
PARADIGMS
476. Learn the declension of πόλις, city, πῆχυς, forearm, ἄστυ, town, and ἰχθύς, fish.
| πόλις, city. | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | πόλι-ς |
| Genitive Singular | πόλε-ως |
| Dative Singular | (πόλε-ϊ) πόλει |
| Accusative Singular | πόλι-ν |
| Vocative Singular | πόλι |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | (πόλε-ε) πόλει |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | πολέ-οιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | (πόλε-ες) πόλεις |
| Genitive Plural | πόλε-ων |
| Dative Plural | πόλε-σι |
| Accusative Plural | πόλεις |
| πῆχυς, forearm | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | πῆχυ-ς |
| Genitive Singular | πήχε-ως |
| Dative Singular | (πήχε-ϊ) πήχει |
| Accusative Singular | πῆχυ-ν |
| Vocative Singular | πῆχυ |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | (πήχε-ε) πήχει |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | πηχέ-οιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | (πήχε-ες) πήχεις |
| Genitive Plural | πήχε-ων |
| Dative Plural | πήχε-σι |
| Accusative Plural | πήχεις |
| ἄστυ, town | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | ἄστυ |
| Genitive Singular | ἄστε-ως |
| Dative Singular | (ἄστε-ϊ) ἄστει |
| Accusative Singular | ἄστυ |
| Vocative Singular | ἄστυ |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | (ἄστε-ε) ἄστει |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | ἀστέ-οιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | (ἄστε-α) ἄστη |
| Genitive Plural | ἄστε-ων |
| Dative Plural | ἄστε-σι |
| Accusative Plural | (ἄστε-α) ἄστη |
| ἰχθύς, fish | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | ἰχθύ-ς |
| Genitive Singular | ἰχθύ-ος |
| Dative Singular | ἰχθύ-ϊ |
| Accusative Singular | ἰχθύ-ν |
| Vocative Singular | ἰχθύ |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | ἰχθύ-ε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | ἰχθύ-οιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | ἰχθύ-ες |
| Genitive Plural | ἰχθύ-ων |
| Dative Plural | ἰχθύ-σι |
| Accusative Plural | ἰχθῦς |
Notes on the Formation of Nouns with Stems in ι and υ of the Consonant Declension
477. Vowel stems add ν in masculines and feminines to form the accusative singular. Most stems in ι and a few in υ have ε in place of their final ι or υ in all cases except the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular, and have ως for ος in the genitive singular, but ως, although long, does not affect the accent. The genitive plural follows the accent of the genitive singular.
GRAMMATICAL NOTES
834. The accusative of specification may be joined with a verb, adjective, noun, or even a whole sentence, to denote a part, character, or quality to which the expression refers. Thus, τὰ πολέμια ἀγαθός, skilled in matters pertaining to war, ὁ ποταμός ἐστι τὸ εὖρος πλέθρου, the river is one hundred feet in width.
841. A noun in the genitive may limit the meaning of another noun. This is called the attributive genitive and expresses various relations, most of which are denoted by of or by the possessive case in English. Thus:
1. Possession or other close relation, as τὰ βασιλέως βασίλεια, the King’s place. The Possessive Genitive.
2. The Subject of an action or feeling, as ὁ τῶν βαρβάρων φόβος, the fear of the barbarians, i.e. the fear which they felt. The Subjective Genitive.
3. The Object of an action or feeling, as ὁ τῶν Ἑλλήνων φόβος, the fear of the Greeks, i.e. the fear which they inspired. The Objective Genitive.
4. Material or Contents, including that of which anything consists, as πέντε μναῖ ἀργυρίου, five minas of silver. Genitive of Material.
5. Measure, of space, time, or value, as τριῶν ἡμερῶν ὁδός, a journey of three days, πέντε μηνῶν μισθός, five months’ pay. Genitive of Measure.
6. Cause or Origin, as μεγάλων ἀδικημάτων ὀργή, anger at great offenses. The Causal Genitive.
843. Verbs signifying to be or become and other copulative verbs may have a predicate genitive expressing any of the relations of the attributive genitive (841). Thus, τίνος ἐστὶν ὁ ἵππος; who owns the horse? ὁ Χάλος ἐστὶ τὸ εὖρος πλέθρου, the Chalus is one hundred feet broad, ἦν δὲ καὶ οὗτος τῶν Μίλητον πολιορκούντων, he too was one of these who were besieging Miletus.
855. The objective genitive follows many verbal adjectives. These are chiefly kindred (in meaning or derivation) to verbs which take the genitive. Thus, ἔμπειροι γὰρ ἦσαν τῆς χώρᾱς, they were familiar with the country (845), τῆς χώρᾱς ἐγκρατεῖς, masters or rulers of the land (847), κῶμαι μεσταὶ σίτου, villages abounding in supplies (848).
864. The dative is used with all words implying likeness or unlikeness, agreement or disagreement, union, or approach. This includes verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. Thus, ἡ πορείᾱ ὁμοίᾱ φυγῇ ἐγίγνετο, their march came to be like flight, Μαρσύᾱς Ἀπόλλωνι ἤρισε, Marsyas contended with Apollo, ἐπολέμει τοῖς Θρᾳξί, he carried on war with the Thracians, ἕψονται Κύρῳ, they will follow Cyrus, ἅμα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, at daybreak, πλησιάζει τοῖς πολεμίοις, he approaches the enemy.
478. VOCABULARY.
| ἀκρόπολις, εως, ἡ (ἄκρος + πόλις) | upper city, citadel, acropolis. |
| ἄστυ, εως, τό | town. |
| δόρυ, ατος, τό | spear shaft, spear. |
| δύναμις, εως, ἡ | ability, power, troops. |
| ἐξέτασις, εως, ἡ | review. |
| ἰχθύς, ύος, ὁ | fish. |
| λόγχη, ης, ἡ | spear point, spear. |
| πεντεκαίδεκα | indecl., fifteen. |
| πῆχυς, εως, ὁ | forearm, cubit. |
| πόλις, εως, ἡ | city, state. |
| Σάρδεις, εων, αἱ | Sardis. |
| τάξις, εως, ἡ | (cf. τάττω), arrangement, order, array, division. |
479. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
| 1. τὴν τοῦ στρατεύματος τάξιν ἐθαύμασεν. |
| 2. οὗτος ἐπολέμησεν ἐμοὶ1 ἔχων τὴν ἐν Σάρδεσιν ἀκρόπολιν. |
| 3. ὁ ποταμός ἐστι τὸ εὖρος2 πλέθρου,3 πλήρης δ᾿ ἰχθύων4. |
| 4. ἔστι δὲ καὶ βασίλεια ἐπὶ ταῖς τοῦ ποταμοῦ πηγαῖς ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει. |
| 5. παρὰ ταύτην τὴν πόλιν ἦν γήλοφος. |
| 6. ἐν τῷ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἄστει ἦν ἀκρόπολις καλή. |
| 7. εἶχον δὲ οὗτοι καὶ δόρυ ὡς (about) πεντεκαίδεκα πήχεων5 λόγχην ἔχον. |
| 8. Κῦρος δ᾿ ἐξέτασιν ποιεῖται τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ περὶ μέσᾱς νύκτας. |
| 9. σὺ δέ, ὦ σατράπη, τήν τε Κύρου δύναμιν καὶ χώρᾱν ἔχεις καὶ τὴν σαυτοῦ ἀρχὴν σῴζεις, ἡ δὲ Ἀρταξέρξου δύναμίς σοι σύμυαχός6 ἐστιν. |
NOTES.—1 For the case, see 864.—2 Accusative of specification (834). —3 Predicate genitive of measure (843).—4 The genitive follows πλήρης (855).—5 Attributive genitive of measure (841, 5).—6 The adjective. See the general vocabulary.
481. Treacherous Proposal of Orontas.
ἐντεῦθεν δ᾿ ὡς (as) ἐπορεύοντο, ἐφαίνετο ἴχνη ἵππων· εἰκάζετο δ᾿ εἶναι ταῦτα ὡς (about) δισχῑλίων ἵππων. οὗτοι ἔκᾱον καὶ χόρτον καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο χρήσιμον ἦν. Ὀρόντᾱς δέ, Πέρσης ἀνήρ, γένει τε προσήκων τῷ Ἀρταξέρξῃ καὶ τὰ πολέμια λεγόμενος πάνυ ἀγαθὸς εἶναι, ἐπιβουλεύει Κύρῳ. οὗτος ἔλεξεν ὅτι εἰ αὐτῷ Κῦρος ἐπιτρέψειεν ἄνδρας χῑλίους ἢ τοὺς πολεμίους κατακόψειεν ἂν ἢ αὐτοὺς ἂν κωλύσειε κάειν τὸν χόρτον.
NOTES.—1. ἐντεῦθεν: from the camp opposite Charmande. See the map. ἐφαίνετο: there kept appearing, imperfect (68).—2. ἵππων: a predicate nitive of possession (843).—οὗτοι: refers to the horsemen implied in πων.—3. εἴ τι ἄλλο: whatever else.—5. τὰ πολέμια: in matters pertaining war, an accusative of specification (834).—λεγόμενος: present passive rticiple, being said or reckoned.— 6. εἰ αὐτῷ κτλ.: Orontas said: εἰ ἐμοὶ ιτρέψειας ἄνδρας χῑλίους, ἢ τοὺς πολεμίους κατακόψαιμι ἂν ἢ αὐτοὺς ἂν λύσαιμι κτλ. (364).
