Dictionary of Scientific Biography


Dictionary of Scientific Biography




Linda Hall Library Collection Table of Contents



AGRICOLA, GEORGIUS, also known as Georg Bauerb. Glauchau, Germany, 24 March 1494; d. Chemnitz, Germany [now Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic], 21 November 1555), mining, metallurgy.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

BALDI, BERNARDINO(b. Urbino, Italy, 5 June 1553; d. Urbino, 10 October 1617), mechanics.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

BORELLI, GIOVANNI ALFONSO(b. Naples, Italy, January 1608; d. Rome, Italy, 31 December 1679), astronomy, epidemiology, mathematics, physiology (iatromechanics), physics, volcanology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

BRUNO, GIORDANO (b. Nola, Italy, 1548; d. Rome, Italy, 17 February 1600), philosophy.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

BUCKLAND, WILLIAM (b. Axminster, England, 12 March 1784; d. Islip, England, 14 August 1856), geology, paleontology.
  NOTES
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

BUFFON, GEORGES-LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE (b. Montbard, France, 7 September 1707; d. Paris, France, 16 April 1788); natural history.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

BURNET, THOMAS (b. Croft, Yorkshire, England, ca. 1635; d. London, England, 27 September 1715), cosmogony, geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

CARDANO, GIROLAMO (b. Pavia, Italy, 24 September 1501; d. Rome, Italy, 21 September 1576), medicine, mathematics, physics, philosophy.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAMBERS, ROBERT (b. Peebles, Scotland, 10 July 1802; d. St. Andrews, Scotland, 17 March 1871), biology, geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

COMMANDINO, FEDERICO (b. Urbino, Italy, 1509; d. Urbino, 3 September 1575), mathematics.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

CONYBEARE, WILLIAM DANIEL (b. London, England, June 1787; d. Llandaff, Wales, 12 August 1857), geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

CUVIER, GEORGES (b. Montbéliard, Württemberg, 23 August 1769; d. Paris, France, 13 May 1832), zoology, paleontology, history of science.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

DESCARTES, RENÉ DU PERRON (b. La Haye, Touraine, France, 31 March 1596; d. Stockholm, Sweden, 11 February 1650), natural philosophy, scientific method, mathematics, optics, mechanics, physiology.
  NOTES
  BIBLIOGRAPHY
  DESCARTES: Mathematics and Physics.
  NOTES
  BIBLIOGRAPHY
  DESCARTES: Physiology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

GALILEI, GALILEO (b. Pisa, Italy, 15 February 1564; d. Arcetri, Italy, 8 January 1642), physics, astronomy.
  Early Years.
  Professorship at Pisa.
  Professorship at Padua.
  Early Work on Free Fall.
  The Telescope.
  Controversies at Florence.
  Dialogue on the World Systems.
  The Trial of Galileo.
  Two New Sciences.
  Last Years.
  Sources of Galileo's Physics.
  Experiment and Mathematics.
  The Influence of Galileo.
  Personal Traits.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

GASSENDI (GASSEND), PIERRE (b. Champtercier, France, 22 January 1592; d. Paris, France, 24 October 1655), philosophy, astronomy, scholarship.
  NOTES
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

GESNER, KONRAD (b. Zurich, Switzerland, 26 March 1516; d. Zurich, 13 March 1565), natural sciences, medicine, philology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

GOMPERTZ, BENJAMIN (b. London, England, 5 March 1779; d. London, 14 July 1865), mathematics.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

GOODRICH, EDWIN STEPHEN (b. Weston-super-Mare, England, 21 June 1868; d. Oxford, England, 6 January 1946), comparative anatomy, embryology, paleontology, evolution.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

GOULD, JOHN (b. Lyme Regis, England, 14 September 1804; d. London, England, 3 February 1881), ornithology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD (b. Deerfield, Massachusetts, 24 May 1793; d. Amherst, Massachusetts, 27 February 1864), geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

HARRIS, JOHN (b. Shropshire [?], England, ca. 1666; d. Norton Court, Kent, England, 7 September 1719), natural philosophy, dissemination of knowledge.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

HOBBES, THOMAS (b. Malmesbury, England, 5 April 1588; d. Hardwick, Derbyshire, England, 4 December 1679), political philosophy, moral philosophy, geometry, optics.
  NOTES
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

HOOKE, ROBERT (b. Freshwater, Isle of Wight, England, 18 July 1635; d. London, England, 3 March 1702), physics.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

HUTTON, JAMES (b. Edinburgh, Scotland, 3 June 1726; d. Edinburgh, 26 March 1797), geology, agriculture, physical sciences, philosophy.
  Geology.
  The Theory of the Earth.
  Reception of the Theory.
  Agriculture and Evolution.
  Physical Sciences.
  Philosophy.
  NOTES
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

JORDANUS DE NEMORE (fl. ca. 1220), mechanics, mathematics.
  NOTES
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

KEILL, JOHN
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

LAMARCK, JEAN BAPTISTE PIERRE ANTOINE DE MONET DE (b. Bazentin-le-Petit, Picardy, France, 1 August 1744; d. Paris, France, 28 December 1829), botany, invertebrate zoology and paleontology, evolution.
  Botany.
  Institutional Affiliations.
  Chemistry.
  Meteorology.
  Invertebrate Zoology and Paleontology.
  Geology.
  Theory of Evolution.
  Origins of Lamarck's Theory.
  Lamarck's Reputation.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

LEA, ISAAC (b. Wilmington, Delaware, 4 March 1792; d. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 8 December 1886), malacology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM (b. Leipzig, Germany, 1 July 1646; d. Hannover, Germany, 14 November 1716), mathematics, philosophy, metaphysics.
  LEIBNIZ: Physics, Logic, Metaphysics
  NOTES
  LEIBNIZ: Mathematics
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

LISTER, MARTIN (christened Radclive, Buckinghamshire, England, 11 April 1639; d. Epsom, England, 2 February 1712), zoology, geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

LYELL, CHARLES (b. Kinnordy, Kirriemuir, Angus, Scotland, 14 November 1797; d. London, England, 22 February 1875), geology, evolutionary biology.
  NOTES
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

MANTELL, GIDEON ALGERNON (b. Lewes, Sussex, England, 3 February 1790; d. London, England, 10 November 1852), geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

MILLER, HUGH (b. Cromarty, Scotland, 10 October 1802; d. Portobello, Scotland, 24 December 1856), geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

MONTE, GUIDOBALDO, MARCHESE DEL (b. Pesaro, Italy, 11 January 1545; d. Montebaroccio, 6 January 1607), mechanics, mathematics, astronomy.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

MURCHISON, RODERICK IMPEY (b. Tarradale, Ross and Cromarty, Scotland, 19 February 1792; d. London, England, 22 October 1871), geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

NEWTON, ISAAC (b. Woolsthorpe, England, 25 December 1642; d. London, England, 20 March 1727), mathematics, dynamics, celestial mechanics, astronomy, optics, natural philosophy.
   Lucasian Professor. On 1 October 1667, some two years after his graduation, Newton was elected minor fellow of Trinity, and on 16 March 1668 he was admitted major fellow. He was created M.A. on 7 July 1668 and on 29 October 1669, at the age of twenty-six, he was appointed Lucasian professor. He succeeded Isaac Barrow, first incumbent of the chair, and it is generally believed that Barrow resigned his professorship so that Newton might have it.10
   Mathematics. Any summary of Newton's contributions to mathematics must take account not only of his fundamental work in the calculus and other aspects of analysis--including infinite series (and most notably the general binomial expansion)--but also his activity in algebra and number theory, classical and analytic geometry, finite differences, the classification of curves, methods of computation and approximation, and even probability.
  Optics.
  Dynamics, Astronomy, and the Birth of the “Principia.”
  Mathematics in the “Principia.”
  The “Principia”: General Plan.
  The “Principia”: Definitions and Axioms.
  Book I of the “Principia.”
  Book II of the “Principia.”
  Book III, “The System of the World.”
  Revision of the “Opticks” (the Later Queries); Chemistry and Theory of Matter.
  Alchemy, Prophecy, and Theology. Chronology and History.
  The London Years: the Mint, the Royal Society, Quarrels with Flamsteed and with Leibniz.
  Newton's Philosophy: The Rules of Philosophizing, the General Scholium, the Queries of the “Opticks.”
  NOTES
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

OWEN, RICHARD (b. Lancaster, England, 20 July 1804; d. Richmond Park, London, England, 18 December 1892), comparative anatomy, vertebrate paleontology, geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

PACIOLI, LUCA (b. Sansepolcro, Italy, ca. 1445; d. Sansepolcro, 1517), mathematics, bookkeeping.
  NOTES
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

PLAYFAIR, JOHN (b. Benvie, near Dundee, Scotland, 10 March 1748; d. Edinburgh, Scotland, 20 July 1819), mathematics, physics, geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

PLAYFAIR, LYON (b. Chunar, India, 21 May 1818; d. London, England, 29 May 1898), chemistry.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

PLOT, ROBERT (b. Borden, Kent, England, 13 December 1640; d. Borden, 30 April 1696), natural history, archaeology, chemistry.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

SCHEUCHZER, JOHANN JAKOB (b. Zurich, Switzerland, 2 August 1672; d. Zurich, 23 June 1733), medicine, natural history, mathematics, geology, geophysics.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

SCHOTT, GASPAR (b. Königshofen, near Würzburg, Germany, 5 February 1608; d. Würzburg, 22 May 1666), mathematics, physics, technology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

SCROPE, GEORGE JULIUS POULETT (b. London, England, 10 March 1797; d. Fairlawn [near Cobham], Surrey, England, 19 January 1876), geology.
  NOTES
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

SEDGWICK, ADAM (b. Dent, Yorkshire, England, 22 March 1785; d. Cambridge, England, 27 January 1873), geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

SMITH, WILLIAM (b. Churchill, Oxfordshire, England, 23 March 1769; d. Northampton, England, 28 August 1839), geology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

STENSEN, NIELS, also known as Nicolaus Steno (b. Copenhagen, Denmark, 1%6111 January 1638; d. Schwerin, Germany, 25 November/5 December 1686), anatomy, geology, mineralogy.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

STERNBERG, KASPAR MARIA VON (b. Prague, Bohemia [now in Czechoslovakia], 6 January 1761; d. Březina castle, Radnice, 20 December 1838), botany, geology, paleontology.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY

WOODWARD, JOHN (b. Derbyshire, England, 1 May 1665; d. London, England, 25 April 1728), geology, mineralogy, botany.
  BIBLIOGRAPHY


Electronic edition published by Cultural Heritage Langauge Technologies (with permission from Charles Scribners and Sons) and funded by the National Science Foundation International Digital Libraries Program. This text has been proofread to a low degree of accuracy. It was converted to electronic form using data entry.

BORELLI, GIOVANNI ALFONSO(b. Naples, Italy, January 1608; d. Rome, Italy, 31 December 1679), astronomy, epidemiology, mathematics, physiology (iatromechanics), physics, volcanology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

    20 (1890), 1-48; “Una lettera di G. A. Borelli ed alcune indagini di pneumatica da lui compiute,” in Memorie della Pontificia Accademia Romana dei Nuovi Lincei, 21 (1903), 61-78; “Note di storia della vulcanologia,” Memoria no. 5 in Atti dell'Accademia Pontaniana, Napoli, 36 (1906); “Evangelista Torricelli e Giovanni Alfonso Borrelli. Appunti raccolti nel compiersi il terzo secolo dalla loro nascita,” in Rivista di fisica, matematica e scienze naturali (Pavia), 17 (1908), 385-402; “L'opera scientifica di G. A. Borelli e la Scuola di Roma nel secolo XVII,” in Memorie della Pontificia Accademia Romana dei Nuovi Lincei, 27 (1909), 275-307; and “Di una lettera inedita di G. A. Borelli diretta a M. Malpighi,” in Atti dell'Accademia Pontaniana, Napoli, 49 (1919), 29-40; Tullio Derenzini, “Alcune lettere di Giovanni Alfonso Borelli ad Alessandro Marchetti,” in Physis, 1 (1959), 224-243; and “Alcune lettere di Giovanni Alfonso Borelli a Gian Domenico Cassini,” ibid., 2 (1960), 235-241; Angelo Fabroni, Lettere inedite di uomini illustri, 2 vols. (Florence, 1773-1775); Giovanni Giovannozzi, “La versione borelliana dei Conici di Apollonio,” in Memorie della Pontificia Accademia Romana dei Nuovi Lincei, 2nd ser., 2 (1916), 1-32; Lettere inedite di Giovanni Alfonso Borelli al P. Angelo [Morelli] di S. Domenico sulla versione di Apollonio (Florence, 1916); “Carte Borelliane nell' Archivio Generale delle Scuole Pie a Roma,” in Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana dei Nuovi Lincei, 72 (1918-1919), 81-86; and “Una lettera di Famiano Michelini a Giovanni Alfonso Borelli,” ibid., 80 (1926-1927), 315-319; Ugo Morini and Luigi Ferrari, Autografi e codici di lettori dell'Ateneo Pisano esposti in occasione dell' XI congresso di medicina interna (Pisa, 1902), pp. 19-23; Giuseppe Mosca, Vita di Lucantonio Porzio pubblico primario cattedratico di Notomia (Naples, 1765); Luigi Tenca, “Le relazioni fra Giovanni Alfonso Borelli e Vincenzio Viviani,” in Rendiconti dell'Istituto Lombardo di scienze e lettere, Milano, 90 (1956), 107-121; and Giambatista Tondini, Delle lettere di uomini illustri (Macerata, 1782).

Among the translations of portions of the De motu animalium are Max Mengeringhausen, Die Bewegung der Tiere, no. 221 in Ostwald's Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften (Leipzig, 1927); and T. O'B. Hubbard and J. H. Ledoboer, The Flight of Birds, Royal Aeronautical Society of London, Aeronautical Classics, no. 6 (London, 1911).


II. SECONDARY LITERATURE.

The most extensive treatment of Borelli's life is in Angelo Fabroni, Vitae italorum doctrina excellentium, II (Pisa, 1778), 222-324. More recently, Gustavo Barbensi, Borelli (Trieste, 1947), and Tullio Derenzini, “Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, fisico,” in Celebrazione dell'Accademia del Cimento nel tricentenario della fondazione (Pisa, 1958), pp. 35-52, offer useful shorter treatments. Luigi Amabile, in his Fra Tommaso Campanella ne' castelli di Napoli, in Roma ed in Parigi, 2 vols. (Naples, 1887), published the documents pertaining to Borelli's birth and family and possible connections with Campanella, II, 361-369. Both Max H. Fisch, “The Academy of the Investigators,” in E. A. Underwood, ed., Science, Medicine and History: Essays . . . in Honor of Charles Singer, I (Oxford, 1953), 521-563; and Nicola Badaloni, Introduzione a G. B. Vico (Milan, 1961), provide much information about the Investiganti and Borelli's relation to it. Howard B. Adelmann's work on Malpighi (cited above) is indispensable for Borelli's life and work after he came to Pisa. For the Fucina and Borelli's connection with the Messina revolt one can begin with Giacomo Nigido-Dionisi, L'Accademia della Fucina di Messina (1639-1678) ne' suoi rapporti con la storia della cultura in Sicilia (Catania, 1903), and Giuseppe Olivà, “Abolizione e rinacimento della Università di Messina,” in CCCL Anniversario della Università di Messina (Messina, 1900), Parte Prima, 209-365.

Borelli's celestial mechanics have been studied in Angus Armitage, “‘Borell's Hypothesis’ and the Rise of Celestial Mechanics,” in Annals of Science, 6 (1950), 268-282; Alexandre Koyré, “La mécanique céleste de J. A. Borelli,” in Revue d'histoire des sciences et de leurs applications, 5 (1952), 101-138; “La gravitation universelle de Kepler à Newton,” in Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, 4 (1954), 638-653; “A Documentary History of the Problem of Fall from Kepler to Newton,” in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s. 45 (1955), 327-395; and La révolution astronomique: Copernique, Kepler, Borelli (Paris, 1961); and Charles Serrus, “La mécanique de J.-A. Borelli et la notion d'attraction,” in Revue d'histoire des sciences et de leur applications, 1 (1947), 9-25. His physics have been examined in particular in Pierre Varignon, Projet d'une nouvelle mechanique, avec Un Examen de l'opinion de M. Borelli, sur les propriétez des poids suspendus par des cordes (Paris, 1687); Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana, “Mémoire sur la découverte de la loi du choc direct des corps durs publiée en 1667 par Alphonse Borelli . . .,” in Memorie della Reale Accademia delle scienze di Torino, 2nd ser., 6 (1844), esp. 1-37; and J. MacLean, “De historische ontwikkeling der stootwetten van Aristoteles tot Huygens,” a dissertation (Amsterdam, 1959).

Various particular aspects of Borelli's life and work, as well as additional bibliographical sources, are given in the following: Gustavo Barbensi, “Di una diversa soluzione di un problema di meccanica muscolare da parte di due medici matematici,” in Rivista di storia delle scienze mediche e naturali, Siena, 29 (1938), 168-180; Pietro Capparoni, “Sulla patria di Giovanni Alfonso Borelli,” ibid., 22 (1931), 53-63; Modestino Del Gaizo, Studii di Giovanni Alfonso Borrelli sulla pressione atmosferica, con note illustrative intorno alla vita ed alle opere di lui (Naples, 1886); “Di un' antica indagine sul calore animale,” in Atti della R. Accademia medico-chirurgica di Napoli, 49 (1895), 378-394; “Di un' opera di G. A. Borelli sulla eruzione dell' Etna del 1669 e di Adriano Auzout corrispondente, in Roma, del Borelli,” in Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana dei Nuovi Lincei, 60 (1906-1907), 111-117; “Qualche ricordo di Giovanni Alfonso Borelli in Firenze,” in Studium: Rivista universitaria mensile, 2 (1907), 234-238; “Giovanni Alfonso Borrelli e la sua opera De motu animalium, discorso,” in Atti della R. Accademia medico-chirurgica di Napoli, 62 (1908), 147-169; “Il De motu animalium di G. A. Borelli studiato in rapporto del De motu cordis et sanguinis di G. Harvey,” ibid., 67 (1914), 195-227; and “Ipotesi di antiche fisiologi e specialmente di Giovanni Alfonso Borelli sulla

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