LESSON LXVIII: Second Perfect System.
The Second Perfect System
633. The second perfect system includes the second perfect and second pluperfect active.
634. Conjugate the second perfect system of λείπω, leave.
| Second Perfect Active Indicative of λείπω, leave. | |
|---|---|
| First Person Singular | λέλοιπα |
| Second Person Singular | λέλοιπα-ς |
| Third Person Singular | λέλοιπε |
| Second Person Dual | λελοίπα-τον |
| Third Person Dual | λελοίπα-τον |
| First Person Plural | λελοίπα-μεν |
| Second Person Plural | λελοίπα-τε |
| Third Person Plural | λελοίπᾱσι |
| Second Pluperfect Active Indicative of λείπω, leave. | |
|---|---|
| First Person Singular | ἐ-λελοίπη |
| Second Person Singular | ἐ-λελοίπη-ς |
| Third Person Singular | ἐ-λελοίπει |
| Second Person Dual | ἐ-λελοίπε-τον |
| Third Person Dual | ἐ-λελοιπέ-την |
| First Person Plural | ἐ-λελοίπε-μεν |
| Second Person Plural | ἐ-λελοίπε-τε |
| Third Person Plural | ἐ-λελοίπε-σαν |
| Second Pluperfect Active Subjunctive of λείπω, leave. | |
|---|---|
| First Person Singular | λελοίπω |
| Second Person Singular | λελοίπῃς |
| Third Person Singular | λελοίπῃ |
| Second Person Dual | λελοίπη-τον |
| Third Person Dual | λελοίπη-τον |
| First Person Plural | λελοίπω-μεν |
| Second Person Plural | λελοίπη-τε |
| Third Person Plural | λελοίπωσι |
| Second Pluperfect Active Optative of λείπω, leave. | |
|---|---|
| First Person Singular | λελοίποι-μι |
| Second Person Singular | λελοίποι-ς |
| Third Person Singular | λελοίποι |
| Second Person Dual | λελοίποι-τον |
| Third Person Dual | λελοιποί-την |
| First Person Plural | λελοίποι-μεν |
| Second Person Plural | λελοίποι-τε |
| Third Person Plural | λελοίποιε-ν |
a. Note the exceptions to the principle of recessive accent (53), λελοιπέναι, λελοιπώς.
Notes on the formation of the second perfect
635. The stem of the second perfect is formed by adding the tense suffix α (pluperfect ε) to the reduplicated verb stem, as γράφω (γραφ), write, second perfect stem γέγραφα. The second perfect and second pluperfect follow the inflection of the first perfect system (768).
636. Some verbs aspirate a final labial or palatal mute of the verb stem, changing π and β to φ, and κ and γ to χ. see 114.
637. In the verb stem, ε becomes ο, as πέμπω (πεμπ), send, πέπομφα; α is sometimes lengthened to ᾱ or η, as φαίνω (φαν), show, πέφηνα, have appeared (intransitive); ι, with present stem in ει, becomes οι, as λείπω (λιπ), leave, λέλοιπα.
638. VOCABULARY.
| ἀνδράποδον, ου, τό | slave, esp. captive taken in war. |
| βλάπτω (βλαβ), βλάψω, ἔβλαψα, βέβλαφα, βέβλαμμαι, ἐβλάφθην and ἐβλάβην | injure, hurt, harm. |
| εἰκάζω (εἰκαδ), εἰκάσω, εἴκασα, εἴκασμαι, εἰκάσθην | liken, suppose, conjecture. |
| λάθρᾳ | adv., covertly, without the knowledge of. |
| νάπη, ης, ἡ | ravine, glen. |
| ὄχθη, ης, ἡ | height, bank, bluff. |
| πλήν | conj., except; improper prep. with gen., except. |
| πλησίος, ᾱ, ον (cf. πλησιάζω) | near; neut. as adv., πλησίον, near. |
| πῦρ, πυρός, τό | fire. |
| σημαίνω (σημαν), σημανῶ, ἐσήμηνα, σεσήμασμαι, ἐσημάνθην | give the signal, make known. |
| τήκω (τακ), τήζω, ἔτηξα, τέτηκα, τέτηκα, ἐτάκην and ἐτήχθην | melt; intrans., thaw, melt. |
639. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
| 1. τὰ δὲ ἄλλα εἰς τὸ πῦρ ἐρρίφαμεν. |
| 2. τοῖς οὖν θεοῖς χάρις ἔστω ὅτι ἡμᾶς οὐ βεβλάφᾱσιν οἱ πολέμιοι. |
| 3. εἴκαζον τὴν χιόνα τετηκέναι1· καὶ ἐτετήκει διὰ κρήνην ἣ πλησίον ἦν ἐν νάπῃ. |
| 4. εἶπον ὅτι Κῦρον ἀπεκτόνοι βασιλεύς. |
| 5. φυγῇ2 ἔφη αὐτοὺς λελοιπέναι τὸ χωρίον. |
| 6. ᾔσθετο γὰρ τοὺς πολεμίους ἤδη εἰληφότας τὰ ἄκρα. |
| 7. πεπόμφᾱσί με ἄνδρες πιστοὶ ὄντες Κύρῳ καὶ ὑμῖν εὖνοι. |
| 8. ἐν δὲ τῇ πολεμίᾳ3 διατέτριφεν ἡμέρᾱς πολλάς. |
| 9. λάθρᾳ δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν4 ἐπεπόμφει Κύρῳ ἄγγελον. |
| 10. τοὺς πεζοὺς ἐπὶ ταῖς ὄχθαις τέταχεν ἄνω τῶν ἱππέων5. |
| 11. Κῦρος οὔτε ἄλλον πέπομφε σημανοῦντα6 ὅ τι χρὴ ποιεῖν οὔτε αὐτὸς πέφηνεν. |
| 12. ταύτην τὴν χώρᾱν ἐπετετρόφει διαρπάσαι7 τοῖς Ἓλλησι πλὴν ἀνδραπόδων. |
NOTES.—1 Infinitive in indirect discourse (469). —2 Dative of manner (866). —3 Sc. χώρᾳ. —4 The genitive depends on the adverb λάθρᾳ (856). —5 The genitive depends on the adverb ἄνω (856).—6 The participle expresses purpose (495, 4). —7 The infinitive expresses purpose (461, 7).
641. Advance. The Great Trench.
ἐντεῦθεν Κῦρος ἐξελαύνει συντεταγμένῳ τῷ στρατεύματι
παντὶ καὶ τῷ Ἑλληνικῷ καὶ τῷ βαρβαρικῷ· ᾤετο γὰρ
ταύτῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ μαχεῖσθαι βασιλέᾱ· κατὰ γὰρ μέσον τὸν
σταθμὸν τοῦτον τάφρος ἦν ὀρυκτὴ βαθεῖα, παρετέτατο δὲ
NOTES. —1. συντεταγμένῳ τῷ στρατεὑματι: with his troops formed in line of battle, a dative of accompaniment (869). —3. κατὰ . . . τοῦτον: about the middle of this day’s march. —4. παρετέτατο: pluperfect passive of παρα-τείνω. —8. προσελαύνοντα: participle in indirect discourse (628).
