LESSON LXVII: First Perfect System. Indirect Discourse.

First Perfect System

619. The first perfect and pluperfect are found in vowel verbs, in many lingual mute verbs, in many liquid verbs.

621. Review the first perfect system of λύω.
First Perfect Active Indicative of λύω
First Person Singularλέλυκα
Second Person Singularλέλυκα-ς
Third Person Singularλέλυκε
Second Person Dualλελύκα-τον
Third Person Dualλελύκα-τον
First Person Pluralλελύκα-μεν
Second Person Pluralλελύκα-τε
Third Person Pluralλελύκᾱσι
First Pluperfect Active Indicative of λύω
First Person Singularἐ-λελύκη
Second Person Singularἐ-λελύκη-ς
Third Person Singularἐ-λελύκει
Second Person Dualἐ-λελύκε-τον
Third Person Dualἐ-λελυκέ-την
First Person Pluralἐ-λελύκε-μεν
Second Person Pluralἐ-λελύκε-τε
Third Person Pluralἐ-λελύκε-σαν
First Perfect Active Subjunctive of λύω
First Person Singularλελύκω
Second Person Singularλελύκῃς
Third Person Singularλελύκῃ
Second Person Dualλελύκη-τον
Third Person Dualλελύκη-τον
First Person Pluralλελύκω-μεν
Second Person Pluralλελύκη-τε
Third Person Pluralλελύκωσι
First Perfect Active Optative of λύω
First Person Singularλελύκοι-μι
Second Person Singularλελύκοι-ς
Third Person Singularλελύκοι
Second Person Dualλελύκοι-τον
Third Person Dualλελυκοί-την
First Person Pluralλελύκοι-μεν
Second Person Pluralλελύκοι-τε
Third Person Pluralλελύκοιε-ν

Perfect verbs with liquid stems

623. Some liquid stems (i.e. verbs with stems ending in a liquid λ μ ν ρ) suffer no change before the tense suffix, as ἀγγέλλω (ἀγγελ), announce, ἤγγελκα.

624. Monosyllabic liquid stems change ε to α, as στέλλω (στελ), send, ἔσταλκα; φθείρω (φθερ), destroy, ἔφθαρκα.

625. ν is dropped in a few liquid stems; if not dropped, it is changed to γ nasal, as κρίνω (κριν), distinguish, κέκρικα; τείνω (τεν), stretch, τέτακα (624); φαίνω (φαν), show, πέφαγκα.

626. Some liquid verb stems suffer transposition and become vowel stems, as βάλλω (βαλ), throw, βέβληκα (formed on stem βλα for βαλ); θνῄσκω (θαν), die, τέθνηκὰ; τέμνω (τεμ), cut, τέτμηκα.

627. 1. τούτῳ Κῦρον ἐπιστρατεύοντα ἤγγειλα, I announced to him that Cyrus was marching against him. (The original announcement was, σοὶ Κῦρος ἐπιστρατεύει.)

2. ἤκουσε Κῦρον ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ὄντα, he heard that Cyrus was in Cilicia. (The report was, Κῦρος ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ἐστί.)

3. ὁρῶ ὑμᾶς οὕτως ἂν ποριζομένους τὰ ἐπιτήδεια, I see that you could in this way procure supplies. (The original statement was, οὕτως ἂν πορίζοισθε τὰ ἐπιτήδεια.)

The Participle in Indirect Discourse

628. With many verbs the participle stands in indirect discourse, each tense representing the corresponding tense of a finite mood. Each tense with ἄν represents the corresponding tense of either indicative or optative with ἄν.

Such verbs are chiefly those signifying to see, hear or learn, perceive, know, be ignorant of, remember, forget, show, appear, prove, acknowledge, and ἀγγέλλω, announce.

629. VOCABULARY.

αἰσθάνομαι (αἰσθ), αἰσθήσομαι, ᾐσθόμην, ᾔσθημαιperceive, learn, observe.
ἀνα-στέλλωsend back, repulse.
ἀνα-τείνωstretch up, hold up.
ἄνω (cf. ἀνά)adv., above, up, up country.
γέintensive particle, enclitic and post positive, at least, get, indeed, certainly, often to be indicated in English only by emphasis.
γυμνής, ῆτος, ὁlight-armed foot-soldier.
δια-φθείρωdestroy utterly, ruin, corrupt.
ἐπι-στρατεύωmarch against.
θόρυβος, ου, ὁdisturbance, uproar.
πλῆθος, ους, τόfulness, extent, number, multitude.
στέλλω (στελ), στελῶ, ἔστειλα, ἔσταλκα, ἔσταλμαι, ἐστάληνequip, send.
τείνω (τεν), τενῶ, ἔτεινα, τέτακα, τέταμαι, ἐτάθηνstretch, exert oneself, hasten, press on.
φθείρω (φθερ), φθερῶ, ἔφθειρα, ἔφθαρκα, ἔφθαρμαι, ἐφθάρηνdestroy, lay waste.

630. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:

1. τριήρεις ἤκουε τὸν στρατηγὸν ἔχοντα.
2. στρατιώτᾱς ἄγομεν τὸν χῑλὸν καύσοντας1.
3. τὰ παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων2 βασιλεῖ φησιν ἀπηγγελκέναι.
4. ἐφθάρκατε τὴν χώρᾱν.
5. ἐπεὶ δὲ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἑώρων4 οἱ Ἕλληνες οὐχ ἑαυτοῖς ἐπιστρατεύοντας, ἥσθησαν.
6. ἐν Μῑλήτῳ δὲ Τισσαφέρνης ᾐσθάνετο τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τὰ αὐτὰ βουλευομένους.
7. τοὺς ἱππέᾱς ἀνεστάλκεσαν οἱ ὁπλῖται.
8. εἰ οὖν ὁρῴην ὑμᾶς ἄμεινόν τι βουλευομένους, ἔλθοιμι ἂν πρὸς ὑμᾶς.
9. ἐτετάκεσαν οἱ πολέμιοι πολλῷ πλήθει5 καὶ θορύβῳ5 ἄνω πρὸς τὸ ὄρος.
10. καὶ ἕνα γε λοχᾱγὸν διεφθαρκότας αὐτοὺς ἀκούομεν.
11. ᾔσθοντο τοὺς γυμνῆτας τὰς κώμᾱς ἤδη διηρπακότας.

NOTES.—1 The participle expresses purpose (495, 4).—2 I.e. their answer or decision. —4 Imperfect of ὁράω, with both syllabic and temporal (67) augment.—5 Dative of manner (866).—6 Use the article.

632. Not all the King’s Troops were in the Battle.

τῶν δὲ πολεμίων παρεγένοντο ἐν τῇ μάχῃ ἐνενήκοντα μῡριάδες καὶ ἅρματα δρεπανηφόρα ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα· Ἀβροκόμᾱς δὲ τῶν τεττάρων ἀρχόντων ὢν ὑστέρησε τῆς μάχης ἡμέραις πέντε, ἐκ Φοινίκης ἐλαύνων. ταῦτα δὲ ἤγγελλον πρὸς Κῦρον οἱ αὐτομολήσαντες παρὰ μεγάλου βασιλέως πρὸ τῆς μάχης, καὶ μετὰ τὴν μάχην οἳ ὕστερον ἐλήφθησαν τῶν πολεμίων ταὐτὰ ἤγγελλον.

NOTES.—3. ὑστέρησε . . . πέντε: came five days too late for the battle. μάχης follows ὑστέρησε (cf. ὕστερος), which implies comparison (850). ἡμέραις πέντε, by the space of five days, is the dative of the degree of difference (867).—5. οἱ αὐτομολήσαντες: those who had deserted (487, 3, 4).

REVIEW AND PRACTICE: