LESSON LXVII: First Perfect System. Indirect Discourse.
First Perfect System
619. The first perfect and pluperfect are found in vowel verbs, in many lingual mute verbs, in many liquid verbs.
621. Review the first perfect system of λύω.
First Perfect Active Indicative of λύω | |
---|---|
First Person Singular | λέλυκα |
Second Person Singular | λέλυκα-ς |
Third Person Singular | λέλυκε |
Second Person Dual | λελύκα-τον |
Third Person Dual | λελύκα-τον |
First Person Plural | λελύκα-μεν |
Second Person Plural | λελύκα-τε |
Third Person Plural | λελύκᾱσι |
First Pluperfect Active Indicative of λύω | |
---|---|
First Person Singular | ἐ-λελύκη |
Second Person Singular | ἐ-λελύκη-ς |
Third Person Singular | ἐ-λελύκει |
Second Person Dual | ἐ-λελύκε-τον |
Third Person Dual | ἐ-λελυκέ-την |
First Person Plural | ἐ-λελύκε-μεν |
Second Person Plural | ἐ-λελύκε-τε |
Third Person Plural | ἐ-λελύκε-σαν |
First Perfect Active Subjunctive of λύω | |
---|---|
First Person Singular | λελύκω |
Second Person Singular | λελύκῃς |
Third Person Singular | λελύκῃ |
Second Person Dual | λελύκη-τον |
Third Person Dual | λελύκη-τον |
First Person Plural | λελύκω-μεν |
Second Person Plural | λελύκη-τε |
Third Person Plural | λελύκωσι |
First Perfect Active Optative of λύω | |
---|---|
First Person Singular | λελύκοι-μι |
Second Person Singular | λελύκοι-ς |
Third Person Singular | λελύκοι |
Second Person Dual | λελύκοι-τον |
Third Person Dual | λελυκοί-την |
First Person Plural | λελύκοι-μεν |
Second Person Plural | λελύκοι-τε |
Third Person Plural | λελύκοιε-ν |
Perfect verbs with liquid stems
623. Some liquid stems (i.e. verbs with stems ending in a liquid λ μ ν ρ) suffer no change before the tense suffix, as ἀγγέλλω (ἀγγελ), announce, ἤγγελκα.
624. Monosyllabic liquid stems change ε to α, as στέλλω (στελ), send, ἔσταλκα; φθείρω (φθερ), destroy, ἔφθαρκα.
625. ν is dropped in a few liquid stems; if not dropped, it is changed to γ nasal, as κρίνω (κριν), distinguish, κέκρικα; τείνω (τεν), stretch, τέτακα (624); φαίνω (φαν), show, πέφαγκα.
626. Some liquid verb stems suffer transposition and become vowel stems, as βάλλω (βαλ), throw, βέβληκα (formed on stem βλα for βαλ); θνῄσκω (θαν), die, τέθνηκὰ; τέμνω (τεμ), cut, τέτμηκα.
627. 1. τούτῳ Κῦρον ἐπιστρατεύοντα ἤγγειλα, I announced to him that Cyrus was marching against him. (The original announcement was, σοὶ Κῦρος ἐπιστρατεύει.)
2. ἤκουσε Κῦρον ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ὄντα, he heard that Cyrus was in Cilicia. (The report was, Κῦρος ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ἐστί.)
3. ὁρῶ ὑμᾶς οὕτως ἂν ποριζομένους τὰ ἐπιτήδεια, I see that you could in this way procure supplies. (The original statement was, οὕτως ἂν πορίζοισθε τὰ ἐπιτήδεια.)
The Participle in Indirect Discourse
628. With many verbs the participle stands in indirect discourse, each tense representing the corresponding tense of a finite mood. Each tense with ἄν represents the corresponding tense of either indicative or optative with ἄν.
Such verbs are chiefly those signifying to see, hear or learn, perceive, know, be ignorant of, remember, forget, show, appear, prove, acknowledge, and ἀγγέλλω, announce.
629. VOCABULARY.
αἰσθάνομαι (αἰσθ), αἰσθήσομαι, ᾐσθόμην, ᾔσθημαι | perceive, learn, observe. |
ἀνα-στέλλω | send back, repulse. |
ἀνα-τείνω | stretch up, hold up. |
ἄνω (cf. ἀνά) | adv., above, up, up country. |
γέ | intensive particle, enclitic and post positive, at least, get, indeed, certainly, often to be indicated in English only by emphasis. |
γυμνής, ῆτος, ὁ | light-armed foot-soldier. |
δια-φθείρω | destroy utterly, ruin, corrupt. |
ἐπι-στρατεύω | march against. |
θόρυβος, ου, ὁ | disturbance, uproar. |
πλῆθος, ους, τό | fulness, extent, number, multitude. |
στέλλω (στελ), στελῶ, ἔστειλα, ἔσταλκα, ἔσταλμαι, ἐστάλην | equip, send. |
τείνω (τεν), τενῶ, ἔτεινα, τέτακα, τέταμαι, ἐτάθην | stretch, exert oneself, hasten, press on. |
φθείρω (φθερ), φθερῶ, ἔφθειρα, ἔφθαρκα, ἔφθαρμαι, ἐφθάρην | destroy, lay waste. |
630. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
1. τριήρεις ἤκουε τὸν στρατηγὸν ἔχοντα. |
2. στρατιώτᾱς ἄγομεν τὸν χῑλὸν καύσοντας1. |
3. τὰ παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων2 βασιλεῖ φησιν ἀπηγγελκέναι. |
4. ἐφθάρκατε τὴν χώρᾱν. |
5. ἐπεὶ δὲ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἑώρων4 οἱ Ἕλληνες οὐχ ἑαυτοῖς ἐπιστρατεύοντας, ἥσθησαν. |
6. ἐν Μῑλήτῳ δὲ Τισσαφέρνης ᾐσθάνετο τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τὰ αὐτὰ βουλευομένους. |
7. τοὺς ἱππέᾱς ἀνεστάλκεσαν οἱ ὁπλῖται. |
8. εἰ οὖν ὁρῴην ὑμᾶς ἄμεινόν τι βουλευομένους, ἔλθοιμι ἂν πρὸς ὑμᾶς. |
9. ἐτετάκεσαν οἱ πολέμιοι πολλῷ πλήθει5 καὶ θορύβῳ5 ἄνω πρὸς τὸ ὄρος. |
10. καὶ ἕνα γε λοχᾱγὸν διεφθαρκότας αὐτοὺς ἀκούομεν. |
11. ᾔσθοντο τοὺς γυμνῆτας τὰς κώμᾱς ἤδη διηρπακότας. |
NOTES.—1 The participle expresses purpose (495, 4).—2 I.e. their answer or decision. —4 Imperfect of ὁράω, with both syllabic and temporal (67) augment.—5 Dative of manner (866).—6 Use the article.
632. Not all the King’s Troops were in the Battle.
τῶν δὲ πολεμίων παρεγένοντο ἐν τῇ μάχῃ ἐνενήκοντα
μῡριάδες καὶ ἅρματα δρεπανηφόρα ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα·
Ἀβροκόμᾱς δὲ τῶν τεττάρων ἀρχόντων ὢν ὑστέρησε
τῆς μάχης ἡμέραις πέντε, ἐκ Φοινίκης ἐλαύνων.
NOTES.—3. ὑστέρησε . . . πέντε: came five days too late for the battle. μάχης follows ὑστέρησε (cf. ὕστερος), which implies comparison (850). ἡμέραις πέντε, by the space of five days, is the dative of the degree of difference (867).—5. οἱ αὐτομολήσαντες: those who had deserted (487, 3, 4).