LESSON LIII: Participles Middle and Passive.
Formation of the Middle and Passive Participles
492. Learn the declension of the present and perfect middle passive participles. Also learn the declension of the aorist middle and aorist passive participle. The future participle λυσόμενος, about to loose, is declined like λύων.
All participles in ος are declined like ἀγαθός (750).| Masculine Present Middle and Passive Participle of λύω (λῡό-μενος, -η, -ον) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυόμενος |
| Genitive Singular | λυομένου |
| Dative Singular | λυομένῳ |
| Accusative Singular | λυόμενον |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυόμενοι |
| Genitive Plural | λυομένων |
| Dative Plural | λυομένοις |
| Accusative Plural | λυομένους |
| Feminine Present Middle and Passive Participle of λύω (λῡό-μενος, -η, -ον) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυομένη |
| Genitive Singular | λυομένης |
| Dative Singular | λυομένῃ |
| Accusative Singular | λυομένην |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυόμεναι |
| Genitive Plural | λυομενῶν |
| Dative Plural | λυομέναις |
| Accusative Plural | λυομένας |
| Neuter Present Middle and Passive Participle of λύω (λῡό-μενος, -η, -ον) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυόμενον |
| Genitive Singular | λυομένου |
| Dative Singular | λυομένῳ |
| Accusative Singular | λυόμενον |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυόμενα |
| Genitive Plural | λυομένων |
| Dative Plural | λυομένοις |
| Accusative Plural | λυόμενα |
| Masculine Aorist Middle Participle of λύω (λῡσά-μενος, -η, -ον) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυσάμενος |
| Genitive Singular | λυσαμένου |
| Dative Singular | λυσαμένῳ |
| Accusative Singular | λυσάμενον |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυσάμενοι |
| Genitive Plural | λυσαμενῶν |
| Dative Plural | λυσαμένοις |
| Accusative Plural | λυσαμένους |
| Feminine Aorist Middle Participle of λύω (λῡσά-μενος, -η, -ον) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυσαμένη |
| Genitive Singular | λυσαμένης |
| Dative Singular | λυσαμένῃ |
| Accusative Singular | λυσαμένην |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυσάμεναι |
| Genitive Plural | λυσαμενῶν |
| Dative Plural | λυσαμέναις |
| Accusative Plural | λυσαμένας |
| Neuter Aorist Middle Participle of λύω (λῡσά-μενος, -η, -ον) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυσάμενον |
| Genitive Singular | λυσαμένου |
| Dative Singular | λυσαμένῳ |
| Accusative Singular | λυσάμενον |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυσάμενα |
| Genitive Plural | λυσαμενῶν |
| Dative Plural | λυσαμένοις |
| Accusative Plural | λυσάμενα |
| Masculine Aorist Passive Participle of λύω (λυθείς, -εῖσα, -έν) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυθείς |
| Genitive Singular | λυθέντος |
| Dative Singular | λυθέντῳ |
| Accusative Singular | λυθέντα |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυθέντες |
| Genitive Plural | λυθέντων |
| Dative Plural | λυθέσι |
| Accusative Plural | λυθέντας |
| Feminine Aorist Passive Participle of λύω (λυθείς, -εῖσα, -έν) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυθεῖσα |
| Genitive Singular | λυθείσης |
| Dative Singular | λυθείσῃ |
| Accusative Singular | λυθεῖσαν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυθεῖσαι |
| Genitive Plural | λυθεισῶν |
| Dative Plural | λυθείσαις |
| Accusative Plural | λυθείσας |
| Neuter Aorist Passive Participle of λύω (λυθείς, -εῖσα, -έν) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυθέν |
| Genitive Singular | λυθέντος |
| Dative Singular | λυθέντῳ |
| Accusative Singular | λυθέν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυθέντα |
| Genitive Plural | λυθέντων |
| Dative Plural | λυθέσι |
| Accusative Plural | λυθέντα |
| Masculine Perfect Middle and Passive Participle of λύω (λελυμένος, -η, -ον) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λελυμένος |
| Genitive Singular | λελυμένου |
| Dative Singular | λελυμένῳ |
| Accusative Singular | λελυμένον |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λελυμένοι |
| Genitive Plural | λελυμένων |
| Dative Plural | λελυμένοις |
| Accusative Plural | λελυμένους |
| Feminine Perfect Middle and Passive Participle of λύω (λελυμένος, -η, -ον) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λελυμένη |
| Genitive Singular | λελυμένης |
| Dative Singular | λελυμένῃ |
| Accusative Singular | λελυμένην |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λελυμέναι |
| Genitive Plural | λελυμενῶν |
| Dative Plural | λελυμέναις |
| Accusative Plural | λελυμένας |
| Neuter Perfect Middle and Passive Participle of λύω (λελυμένος, -η, -ον) | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λελυμένον |
| Genitive Singular | λελυμένου |
| Dative Singular | λελυμένῳ |
| Accusative Singular | λελυμένον |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λελυμένα |
| Genitive Plural | λελυμένων |
| Dative Plural | λελυμένοις |
| Accusative Plural | λελυμένα |
Notes on the formation of the middle and passive participle
493. The special suffix (484) added to the tense stem in the middle and passive to form the participles is μενο. But the aorist passive uses the active ending ντ, as λυθε-ντ, and is oxytone. The perfect middle and passive has the acute on the penult.
Middle and Passive Participles of Contract Verbs
494. The present participles of contact verbs are formed like λῡό-μενος, -η, -ον with the middle/passive endings of the participle contracting with the stem vowel.
For τίμαω: τῑμώμενος, τῑμωμένη, τῑμώμενον
For ποιέω: ποιούμενος, ποιουμένη, ποιούμενον
For δηλόω: δηλούμενος, δηλουμένη, δηλούμενον
Use of the Participle
495. The participle may define the circumstances of an action. E.g.:
1. τοὺς βαρβάρους νῑκήσαντες οἴκαδε ἐπορεύοντο, when they had conquered the barbarians, they proceeded home.
2. ἀδικηθεὶς αὐτὸν ἔπαισα, I struck him because I had been wronged.
3. ἐπορεύοντο τὴν χώρᾱν ἁρπάζοντες, they adnanced ravaging the country.
4. ἐπορεύετο ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν τὰς σπονδὰς ποιησόμενος, he proceeded to the city to make the truce.
5. σωθέντες ἂν χάριν ὑμῖν ἔχοιμεν, if we should be saved, we should feel grateful to you.
6. μέσον ἔχων τῆς αὑτοῦ στρατιᾶς ὅμως ἔξω ἐγένετο τοῦ Κύρου εὐωνύμου κέρατος, although he was at the centre of his own force, nevertheless he was beyond Cyrus’s left wing.
7. παρῆν ἔχων ὁπλίτᾱς τριᾱκοσίους, he was there with 300 hoplites.
These participles express time ( 1 ), cause ( 2 ), means or manner ( 3 ), purpose ( 4 ), condition ( 5 ), concession ( 6 ), and attendant circumstance ( 7 ).
496. VOCABULARY.
| Ἑλλήσποντος, ου, ὁ | the Hellespont. |
| ἐξ-αιτέω | ask from, demand; mid., beg off. |
| ἔξ-εστι | impers., it is allowed or possible. |
| ἔξω (cf. ἐξ) | adv., outside, beyond, beyond the reach of. |
| ἱερός, ά, όν | sacred; τὰ ἱερά, sacrifices, omens. |
| κατα-λαμβάνω | seize upon, capture. |
| μάλιστα (cf. μᾶλλον) | adv., most, especially. |
| Μίλητος, ου, ἡ | Miletus. |
| μόνος, η, ον | alone, only; μόνον, as adv., alone, only. |
| προ-τῑμάω | honor before others or especially. |
| Χερρόνησος, ου, ἡ | the Chersonese. |
497. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
| 1. ἐμοί, ὦ ἄνδρες, θῡομένῳ τὰ ἱερὰ καλὰ ἦν. |
| 2. νῦν ἔξεστιν αὐτοῖς σωθεῖσι πορεύεσθαι. |
| 3. φοβούμενοι δὲ τὴν ὁδὸν ὅμως εἵποντο. |
| 4. πέμψωμεν δὲ ἄνδρας καταληψομένους τὰ ἄκρα. |
| 5. μόνοι καταλελειμμένοι ὅμως τοὺς φύλακας κατακόψαντες ἔξω ἐγένοντο. |
| 6. καὶ ἐπολέμει ἐκ Χερρονήσου ὁρμώμενος τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ τοῖς ὑπὲρ Ἑλλήσποντον οἰκοῦσι. |
| 7. τότε προτῑμώμενος μάλιστα ὑπὸ Κύρου νῦν ἡμᾶς τοὺς Κύρου φίλους κακῶς ποιεῖν πειρᾶται. |
| 8. ἡ δὲ μήτηρ ἐξαιτησαμένη αὐτὸν ἀποπέμπει πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχήν. |
| 9. τί1 οὖν, ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, ἀδικηθεὶς ὑπ᾿ ἐμοῦ νῦν ἐπιβουλεύεις μοι; |
NOTE.—1 Cognate accusative (833), because you have suffered what wrong?
499. Orontas is brought to Trial.
ὁ δὲ Κῦρος συλλαμβάνει Ὀρόντᾱν, καὶ συγκαλεῖ εἰς
τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σκηνὴν Πέρσᾱς τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν ἑπτά, καὶ τοὺς
τῶν Ἑλλήνων στρατηγοὺς ἐκέλευσεν ὁπλίτᾱς ἀγαγεῖν,
τούτυς δὲ ταχθῆναι περὶ τὴν αὑτοῦ σκηνήν. οἱ δὲ ταῦτα
NOTES.—3. ἀγαγεῖν: second aorist infinitive (indicative ἤγαγον). In line 5 the second aorist participle, ἀγαγόντες, occurs.—7. αὐτῷ: i.e. Cyrus. Not only Cyrus but also the rest of the Persians thought that Clearchus was the most prominent man among the Greeks.—8. τῶν Ἑλλήνων: partitive genitive with μάλιστα (842).
