LESSON XXVI: Lingual Mute Stems of the Consonant Declension.
Paradigms
249. Learn the declension of νύξ, night, ἀσπίς shield, ὄρνῖς, bird, γέρων, old man, and ἅρμα, chariot.
| νύξ, ἡ. Night | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | νύξ |
| Genitive Singular | νυκτ-ός |
| Dative Singular | νυκτ-ί |
| Accusative Singular | νύκτ-α |
| Vocative Singular | νύξ |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | νύκτ-ε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | νυκτ-οῖν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | νύκτ-ες |
| Genitive Plural | νυκτ-ῶν |
| Dative Plural | νυξί |
| Accusative Plural | νύκτ-ας |
| ἀσπίς, ἡ. Shield | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | ἀσπίς |
| Genitive Singular | ἀσπίδ-ος |
| Dative Singular | ἀσπίδ-ι |
| Accusative Singular | ἀσπίδ-α |
| Vocative Singular | ἀσπί |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | ἀσπίδ-ε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | ἀσπίδ-οιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | ἀσπίδ-ες |
| Genitive Plural | ἀσπίδ-ων |
| Dative Plural | ἀσπί-σι |
| Accusative Plural | ἀσπίδ-ας |
| ὄρνῑς, ὁ, ἡ. Bird | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | ὄρνῑς |
| Genitive Singular | ὄρνῑθ-ος |
| Dative Singular | ὄρνῑθ-ι |
| Accusative Singular | ὄρνῑν |
| Vocative Singular | ὄρνῑς |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | ὄρνῑθ-ε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | ὀρνίθ-οιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | ὄρνῑθ-ες |
| Genitive Plural | ὀρνίθ-ων |
| Dative Plural | ὄρνῑσι |
| Accusative Plural | ὄρνῑθ-ας |
| γέρων, ὁ. Old Man | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | γέρων |
| Genitive Singular | γέροντ-ος |
| Dative Singular | γέροντ-ι |
| Accusative Singular | γέροντ-α |
| Vocative Singular | γέρον |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | γέροντ-ε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | γερόντ-οιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | γέροντ-ες |
| Genitive Plural | γερόντ-ων |
| Dative Plural | γέρουσι |
| Accusative Plural | γέροντ-ας |
| ἅρμα, τό Chariot | |
|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | ἅρμα |
| Genitive Singular | ἅρματ-ος |
| Dative Singular | ἅρματ-ι |
| Accusative Singular | ἅρμα |
| Vocative Singular | ἅρμα |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | ἅρματ-ε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | ἁρμάτ-οιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | ἅρματ-α |
| Genitive Plural | ἁρμάτ-ων |
| Dative Plural | ἅρμασι |
| Accusative Plural | ἅρματ-α |
Notes on the Formation of Lingual Mute Stems of the Consonant Declension
250. In the nominative singular and dative plural of the first three nouns the final lingual (τ δ θ) of the stem is dropped before ς. νύξ therefore stands for νυκτ-ς, νυκ-ς, κς becoming ξ. So νυκτ-σι, νυκ-σι, νυξί.
251. The fourth noun γέρων rejects σ in the nominative, and lengthens ο to ω. Final τ is dropped, since this letter cannot stand at the end of a word. In the dative plural both ν and τ are dropped before σ, and o is lengthened to ου.
252. In the accusative singular most masculines and feminines add α to consonant stems, but nouns in ις, except oxytones (25), drop the final τ δ θ of the stem and add ν. Thus ὄρνῑς (stem ὀρνῑθ), ὄρνῑν; but ἀσπίς, oxytone (stem ἀσπιδ), ἀσπίδα.
253. The vocative singular of most masculines and feminines with mute stems is like the nominative, but the vocative singular of stems in ιδ, and of those in ντ except of oxytones, is the mere stem. Final δ or τ is dropped, since neither of these letters can stand at the end of a word. Thus, vocative ἀσπί, γέρον.
254. The nominative, accusative, and vocative singular of neuters, such as ἅρμα, are the simple stem. Final τ is dropped. In the dative plural τ is dropped before σ.
GRAMMATICAL NOTES
849. The genitive (as ablative) may denote that from which anything is separated or distinguished. On this principle the genitive follows verbs denoting to remove, restrain, release, cease, fail, differ, give up, and the like. Thus, διέσχον ἀλλήλων ὡς τριάκοντα στάδια, they were about thirty furlongs distant from one another, ἐπέσχον τῆς πορείᾱς, they desisted from marching, πολέμου ἡδέως παύσεται, he will be glad to stop fighting.
851. The genitive often denotes a cause, especially with verbs expressing emotions, such as admiration, wonder, affection, hatred, pity, anger, envy, or revenge. Sometimes it denotes the source. Thus, τῆς ἐλευθερίᾱς ὑμᾶς εὐδαιμονίζω, I count you happy because of your freedom, τοῖς θεοῖς χάριν ἔχουσι τῆς νίκης, they are grateful to the gods for victory, τούτων ἐμοὶ χαλεπαίνετε, you are angry with me for this, ἤκουσε ταῦτα τοῦ ἀγγέλλου, he heard this from the messenger.
854. The genitive may denote the time within which anything takes place. Thus, ὡρμᾶτο τῆς νυκτός, he set out in the night,ταῦτα τῆς ἡμέρᾱς ἐγένετο, this happened during the day.
870. The dative without a preposition often denotes the time when an action takes place. This is confined chiefly to nouns denoting day, night, month, or year, and to names of festivals. Thus, τῇ αὐτῇ ἡμέρᾳ, on the same day, τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ, on the following (day), μιᾷ νυκτὶ πάντες ἀπέθανον, all perished in a single night.
255. VOCABULARY.
| ἅρμα, ατος, τό | chariot. |
| ἀσπίς, ίδος, ἡ | shield. |
| γέρων, οντος, ὁ | old man. |
| ἐλπίς, ίδος, ἡ | hope. |
| νίκη, ης, ἡ | victory. |
| νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ | night. |
| ὄρνῑς, ῑθος, ὁ, ἡ | bird. |
| στόμα, ατος, τό | mouth; of an army, van. |
| στράτευμα, ατος, τό (cf.στρατιά, στρατιώτης) | army. |
| χάρις, ιτος, ἡ | grace, favor, gratitude; |
| χάριν ἔχω | be or feel grateful. |
256. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
| 1. ἐν δὲ ταῖς σκηναῖς ἦσαν ἀσπίδες. |
| 2. ἔστι δὲ στράτευμα Περσικὸν ἐν τῷ παραδεισῳ. |
| 3. τοῖς οὖν θεοῖς χάριν εἶχον τῆς νίκης1. |
| 4. τὴν γέφῡραν ταύτην λέλυκεν ὁ σατράπης τῆς νυκτός2. |
| 5. τῷ δὲ γέροντι τούτῳ ἐκεῖνοι πολέμιοι ἦσαν. |
| 6. ἐπορεύοντο δὲ εὐθὺς ἐπὶ τὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ στόμα. |
| 7. σὺν τοῖς θεοῖς καλαὶ τῷ στρατεύματι ἐλπίδες εἰσὶ νίκης. |
| 8. ἐν δὲ ταῖς οἰκίαις ἦσαν ὄρνῑθες. |
| 9. ἔχομεν καὶ ὅπλα καὶ ἅρματα καὶ ἱκανὰ τὰ ἐπιτήδεια. |
NOTES.—1 for victory, a genitive of cause (851).—2 Genitive of the time within which (854).—3 Genitive of separation (849).
258. Cyrus reaches Tarsus, which the Troops destroy.
τῇ δ᾿ ὑστεραίᾳ ἧκεν ἄγγελος λέγων ὅτι πέφευγε Συέννεσις.
Κῦρος οὖν ἀναβαίνει ἐπὶ τὰ ἄκρα, ἐντεῦθεν δὲ
καταβαίνει εἰς πεδίον καλόν. διὰ δὲ τούτου ἐλαύνει
παρασάγγᾱς πέντε καὶ εἴκοσιν εἰς Ταρσούς, ἔνθα ἦν
NOTES.—1. τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ: the next (day), ἡμέρᾳ being understood, a dative of the time when (870).—πέφευγε: second perfect of φεύγω, flee.—2. ἀνα-βαίνει: the verb βαίνω means go.
