LESSON 10: Future and First Aorist Indicative Active.
The Future and the First Aorist Indicative Active.
87. The aorist indicative expresses the simple occurrence of an action in past time; the imperfect (68) expresses its continuance.
The future indicative expresses the occurrence of an action in future time.
86. PARADIGMS.
| Future Active Indicative of λύω | ||
|---|---|---|
| First Person Singular | λύσω | I shall loose |
| Second Person Singular | λύσεις | you will loose |
| Third Person Singular | λύσει | he will loose |
| Second Person Dual | λύσετον | |
| Third Person Dual | λύσετον | |
| First Person Plural | λύσομεν | we shall loose |
| Second Person Plural | λύσετε | you will loose |
| Third Person Plural | λύσουσι | they will loose |
| First Aorist Active Indicative of λύω | ||
|---|---|---|
| First Person Singular | ἕλῡσα | I loosed |
| Second Person Singular | ἔλῡσας | you loosed |
| Third Person Singular | ἔλῡσε | he loosed |
| Second Person Dual | ἐλύσατον | |
| Third Person Dual | ἐλῡσάτην | |
| First Person Plural | ἐλύσαμεν | we loosed |
| Second Person Plural | ἐλύσατε | you loosed |
| Third Person Plural | ἔλῡσαν | they loosed |
| Future Active Indicative of πέμπω | |
|---|---|
| First Person Singular | πέμψω |
| Second Person Singular | πέμψεις |
| Third Person Singular | πέμψει |
| Second Person Dual | πέμψετον |
| Third Person Dual | πέμψετον |
| First Person Plural | πέμψομεν |
| Second Person Plural | πέμψετε |
| Third Person Plural | πέμψουσι |
| First Aorist Active Indicative of πέμπω | |
|---|---|
| First Person Singular | ἔπεμψα |
| Second Person Singular | ἔπεμψας |
| Third Person Singular | ἔπεμψε |
| Second Person Dual | ἐπέμψατον |
| Third Person Dual | ἐπεμψάτην |
| First Person Plural | ἐπέμψαμεν |
| Second Person Plural | ἐπέμψατε |
| Third Person Plural | ἔπεμψαν |
Formation of the Future Indicative and First Aorist Indicative
88. The future adds σω to the verb stem (54), the first aorist adds σα. The aorist, as a secondary tense, has augment (66, 67).
89. If the verb stem ends in a vowel, the stem may not be affected by the the addition of σω and σα, as λύ-ω, λύ-σω, ἔλῡ-σα; βουλλεύ-ω, βουλεύ-σω, ἐβούλευ-σα.
90. If the verb stem ends in a mute (7), euphonic changes occur:
1. A π-mute (π β φ) unites with σ and forms ψ (9), as πέμπ-ω, πέμψω (πεμπ-σω), ἔπεμψα (ἐπεμπ-σα).
2. Α κ-mute ( κ γ χ) unites with σ and forms ξ (9), as διώκ-ω, pursu, διώξω (διωκ-σω), ἐδίωξα (ἐδιωκ-σα).
3. A τ-mute (τ δ θ) before σ is dropped, as ἁρπάζω (verb stem ἁρπαδ), ἁρπάσω (ἁρπαδ-σω), ἥρπασα (ἡρπαδ-σα).
The Second Aorist
91. Some verbs lack the first aorist. Such verbs often have a SECOND aorist, which ends in ον, and is conjugated exactly like the imperfect (69), as:
ἄγω, ἔξω, second aorist ἤγαγον, I led, ἤγαγες, you led, ἤγαγε, he led, etc.,
ἕχω, ἕξω, second aorist ἔσχον, Ι had, ἔσχες, you had,ἔσχε, he had, etc.
a The breathing of the future ἕξω is irregular.
The second aorist can be distinguished from the imperfect by the form of the stem. The imperfect is formed from the present stem (i.e. ἄγω), the aorist is formed from the aorist stem (i.e. ἤγαγον). From this point forward, the present, future and aorist forms of verbs will be given in the vocabulary and must be learned as part of the word.
The Present Infinitive Active
92. The present infinitive active ends in ειν, as λύειν, to loose, πέμπειν, to send, etc.
Compound Verbs
93. Compound verbs consist of a preposition and a simple verb. If the preposition ends in a vowel and the simple verb begins with one, the vowel of the preposition is generally elided (16). Compound verbs take the augment between the Preposition and the simple verb. It two vowels are thus brought together, the first is generally elided, as ἐπι-βουλεύω, plot against, imperfect ἐπ-εβούλευον.
94. VOCABULARY.
| ἀθροίζω (verb stem ἀθροιδ) ἀθροίσω, ἤθροισα | collect, gather together, muster. |
| διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα | pursue. |
| ἐπι-βουλεύω, ἐπι-βουλεύσω, ἐπ-εβούλευσα | plot against. |
| κελεύω, κλεύσω, ἐκέλευσα | command. |
| ἀδελφός, οῦ, ὁ | brother. |
| βάρβαρος, ου, ὀ | barbarian. |
| μισθός, οῦ ὁ | pay. |
| πολέμιος, ᾱ, ον (cf. πόλεμος) | hostile. |
| οἱ πολέμιοι | the enemy. |
| τότε | adv., then, at that time. |
95. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
| 1. ἔξουσι. |
| 2. ἤθροισαν. |
| 3. πέψετε. |
| 4. ἐκέλευσας. |
| 5. ἐπιβουλεύσομεν. |
| 6. ἐδιώξατε. |
| 7. ἠγάγομεν. |
| 8. ἄξετε |
| 9. ἔσχες. |
| 10. ἡρπάσαμεν. |
| 11. oὐ διώξω τοὺς πολεμίους. |
| 12. τὰ δῶρα ἐπέμψαμεν; |
| 13. τὰς σκηνὰς ἁρπάσουσιν οἱ βάρβαροι. |
| 14. κελεύσει τὸν στρατηγὸν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους λύειν. |
| 15. τοὺς συμμάχους ἤγαγεν εἰς (among) τοὺς βαρβάρυς. |
| 16. Κῦρος ἐπιβουλεύσει τῷ ἀδλφῷ1 |
| 17. τοῖς ἀνθρώποις τότε ἔπεμψε Κῦρος μισθόν. |
| 18. ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς τὴν φυλακὴν ἔσχε τὴν Ἑλληνικήν.2 |
| 19. εἰς τὸ πεδίον ἁθροισει τοὺς (his) Ἑλληνικοὺς συμμάχους. |
| 20. καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν γέφῡραν τὸν στρατηγὸν πέμπειν ἐκέλευσε Κῦρος φυλακήν. |
NOTES.—
1 The dative follows the compound verb. See the Rule in
865. Note also that the article is here used, as often, instead of the possessive
pronoun, his brother.—
2 We might have τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν φυλακήν
or φυλακὴν τὴν Ἑλληνικήν. See the Rule in 812.
