PART FIRSTWORDS AND FORMS

FORMS OF THE VERB

The Three Stems

The forms of the verb may be referred to three stems, called (1) the Present, (2) the Perfect, and (3) the Supine stem.

1. On the Present stem are formed

The Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative, Active and Passive.

The Present and Imperfect Subjunctive, Active and Passive.

The Imperative, Active and Passive.

The Present Infinitive, Active and Passive.

The Present Participle, the Gerundive, and the Gerund.

2. On the Perfect stem are formed

The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Active.

The Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive Active.

The Perfect Infinitive Active.

3. On the Supine stem are formed ⁸³

The Perfect Passive Participle, which combines with the forms of the verb sum, be, to make

The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Passive.

The Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive.

The Perfect Infinitive Passive.

The Future Active Participle, which combines with esse to make the Future Active Infinitive.

The Supine in -um and -. The Supine in -um combines with r to make the Future Passive Infinitive ( 203. a).

NOTE.The Perfect Participle with fore also makes a Future Passive Infinitive (as, amtus fore). For fore (futrum esse) ut with the subjunctive, see 569. 3. a.

VERB-ENDINGS

Every form of the finite verb is made up of two parts:

1. The STEM (see 24). This is either the root or a modification or development of it.

2. The ENDING, consisting of
1. the Signs of Mood and Tense (see 168, 169).
2. the Personal Ending (see 163).

Thus in the verb voc-b-s, you were calling, the root is VOC, modified into the verb-stem voc-, which by the addition of the ending -bs becomes the imperfect tense vocbs; and this ending consists of the tense-sign b- and the personal ending (-s) of the second person singular.

The Verb-endings, as they are formed by the signs for mood and tense combined with personal endings, are

		ACTIVE			PASSIVE
	INDICATIVE		SUBJUNCTIVE	INDICATIVE		SUBJUNCTIVE
		PRESENT			PRESENT
SING.	1. -	Vowel-Change: I,1 to ; II, to e; III, to ; IV, to i.	-m	-or	Vowel-Change: as inActive.	-r
	2. -s		-s	-ris (-re)		-ris (-re)
	3. -t		-t	-tur		-tur
PLUR.	1. -mus		-mus	-mur		-mur
	2. -tis		-tis	-min		-min
	3. -nt		-nt	-ntur		-ntur
		IMPERFECT			IMPERFECT
SING.	1. -ba-m		-re-m	-ba-r		-re-r
	2. -b-s		-r-s	-b-ris (-re)		-r-ris (-re)
	3. -ba-t		-re-t	-b-tur		-r-tur
PLUR.	1. -b-mus		-r-mus	-b-mur		-r-mur
	2. -b-tis		-r-tis	-b-min		-r-min
	3. -ba-nt		-re-nt	-ba-ntur		-re-ntur
		INDICATIVE			INDICATIVE
		FUTURE			FUTURE
	I, II 84		III, IV	I, II		III, IV1
SING.	1. -b-	Vowel-Change: as indicated in italics; verbs in -i retainingi before these vowels.	-a-m	-bo-r	Vowel-Change: asin Active.	-a-r
	2. -bi-s		--s	-be-ris (-re)		--ris (-re)
	3. -bi-t		-e-t	-bi-tur		--tur
PLUR.	1. -bi-mus		--mus	-bi-mur		--mur
	2. -bi-tis		--tis	-bi-min		--min
	3. -bu-nt		-e-nt	-bu-ntur		-e-ntur

[p. 79]

		Active				Passive
	INDICATIVE		SUBJUNCTIVE		INDICATIVE		SUBJUNCTIVE
		PERFECT				PERFECT
SING.	1. -		-eri-m	-tus (-ta, -tum)	sum		sim
	2. -is-t		-eri-s		es		ss
	3. -i-t		-eri-t		est		sit
PLUR.	1. -i-mus		-eri-mus	-t (-tae, -ta)	sumus		smus
	2. -is-tis		-eri-tis		estis		stis
	3. -ru-nt (-re)		-eri-nt		sunt		sint
		PLUPERFECT				PLUPERFECT
SING.	1. -era-m		-isse-m	-tus(-ta, -tum)	eram		essem
	2. -er-s		-iss-s		ers		esss
	3. -era-t		-isse-t		erat		esset
PLUR.	1. -er-mus		-iss-mus	-t (-tae, -ta)	ermus		essmus
	2. -er-tis		-iss-tis		ertis		esstis
	3. -era-nt		-isse-nt		erant		essent
		FUTURE PERFECT				FUTURE PERFECT
SING.	1. -er-			-tus (-ta, -tum)	er
	2. -eri-s				eris
	3. -eri-t				erit
PLUR.	1. -eri-mus			-t (-tae, -ta)	erimus
	2. -eri-tis				eritis
	3. -eri-nt				erunt

IMPERATIVE
	PRESENT			PRESENT
SING. 2. ----		PLUR. 2. -te	SING. 2. -re		PLUR. 2. -min
	FUTURE			FUTURE
2. -t		2. -tte	2. -tor
3. -t		3. -nt	3. -tor		3. -ntor

For convenience a table of the Noun and Adjective forms of the verb is here added.

		INFINITIVE
PRES.	-re (Pres. stem)		I, II, IV.	-r; III. -
PERF.	-isse (Perf. stem)			-tus (-ta, -tum) esse
FUT.	-trus (-a, -um) esse			-tum r
		PARTICIPLES
PRES.	-ns, -ntis		PERF.	-tus, -ta, -tum
FUT.	-trus, -a, -um		GER.	-ndus, -nda, -ndum

GERUND	SUPINE
-nd, -nd, -ndum, -nd	-tum, -t

[p. 80]

A long vowel is shortened before the personal endings -m (-r), -t, -nt (-ntur): as, ame-t (for older am-t), habe-t (for hab-t), mone-nt, mone-ntur.

The tenses of the Present System are made from the Present Stem as follows: ⁸⁵

In the Present Indicative the personal endings are added directly to the present stem. Thus,present stem ar-: ar-s, ar-mus, ar-tis.

In the Imperfect Indicative the suffix -bam, -bs, etc. (originally a complete verb) is added to the present stem: as, ar-bam, ar-bs, ar-bmus.

NOTE.The form bam was apparently an aorist of the Indo-European root BHU (cf. fu, futrus, φύω, English be, been), and meant I was. This was added to a complete word, originally a case of a verbal noun, as in I was a-seeing; hence vid-bam. The form probably began in the Second or Third Conjugation and was extended to the others. The a was at first long, but was shortened in certain forms ( 167).

In the Future Indicative of the First and Second Conjugations a similar suffix, -b, -bis, etc., is added to the present stem: as, ar-b, ar-bis, mon-b.

NOTE.The form b was probably a present tense of the root BHU, with a future meaning, and was affixed to a noun-form as described in b. N.

In the Future Indicative of the Third and Fourth Conjugations the terminations -am, -s, etc. (as, teg-am, teg-s, audi-am, audi-s) are really subjunctive endings used in a future sense (see e). The vowel was originally long throughout. For shortening, see 167.

In the Present Subjunctive the personal endings were added to a form of the present stem ending in - or -, which was shortened in certain forms ( 167). Thus, ame-m, am-s, teg-mus, tega-nt.

NOTE 1.The vowel (seen in the First Conjugation: as, am--s) is an inherited subjunctive mood-sign. It appears to be the thematic vowel e ( 174. 1) lengthened. The of the other conjugations (mone--s, reg--s, audi--s) is of uncertain origin.

NOTE 2.In a few irregular verbs a Present Subjunctive in -im, -s, etc. occurs: as, sim, ss, smus, velim, vels, etc. This is an old optative, being a form of the IndoEuropean optative mood-sign y- (cf. siem, sis, siet, 170. b. N.). The vowel has been shortened in the first and third persons singular and the third person plural.

In the Imperfect Subjunctive the suffix -rem, -rs, etc. is added to the present stem: as, am-rem, am-rs, mon-rem, tege-rem, aud-rem.

NOTE.The stem element -r- is of uncertain origin and is not found outside of Italic. The r is doubtless the aorist sign s (cf. es-se-m, es-s-s) changed to r between two vowels ( 15. 4). The is probably the subjunctive mood-sign (see e). [p. 81]

The tenses of the Perfect System in the active voice are made from the Perfect Stem as follows:

In the Perfect Indicative the endings -, -ist, etc. are added directly to the perfect stem: as, amv-ist, tx-istis.

In the Pluperfect Indicative the suffix -eram, -ers, etc. is added to the perfect stem: as, amv-eram, monu-ers, tx-erat.

NOTE.This seems to represent an older -is-m etc. formed on the analogy of the Future Perfect in -er (older -is-: see c below) and influenced by eram (imperfect of sum) in comparison with er (future of sum).

In the Future Perfect the suffix -er, -eris, etc. is added to the perfect stem: as, amv-er, monu-eris, tx-erit.

NOTE.This formation was originally a subjunctive of the s-aorist, ending probably in -is-. The -is- is doubtless the same as that seen in the second person singular of the perfect indicative (vd-is-t), in the perfect infinitive (vd-is-se), and in the pluperfect subjunctive (vd-is-sem), s being the aorist sign and i probably an old stem vowel.

In the Perfect Subjunctive the suffix -erim, -eris, etc. is added to the perfect stem: as, amv-erim, monu-eris, tx-erit.

NOTE.This formation was originally an optative of the s-aorist (-er- for older -is-, as in the future perfect, see c above). The i after r is the optative mood-sign shortened (see 168. e. N.2). Forms in -s, -t, -mus, -tis, are sometimes found. The shortening in -s, -mus, -tis, is due to confusion with the future perfect.

In the Pluperfect Subjunctive the suffix -issem, -isss, etc. is added to the perfect stem: as, amv-issem, monu-isss, tx-isset.

NOTE.Apparently this tense was formed on the analogy of the pluperfect indicative in -is-m (later -er-am, see b), and influenced by essem (earlier essm) in its relation to eram (earlier esm). ⁸⁶

The Verb Sum

The verb sum, be, is both irregular and defective, having no gerund or supine, and no participle but the future.

Its conjugation is given at the outset, on account of its importance for the inflection of other verbs. [p. 82]

PRINCIPAL PARTS: Present Indicative sum, Present Infinitive esse, Perfect Indicative fu, Future Participle futrus.

	PRESENT STEM es-	PERFECT STEM fu-	SUPINE STEM fut-
	INDICATIVE		SUBJUNCTIVE
		PRESENT
SING.	1. sum, I am		sim 87
	2. s, thou art (you are)		ss
	3. est, he (she, it) is		sit
PLUR.	1. sumus, we are		smus
	2. estis, you are		stis
	3. sunt, they are		sint
		IMPERFECT
SING.	1. eram, I was		essem
	2. ers, you were		esss
	3. erat, he (she, it) was		esset
PLUR.	1. ermus, we were		essmus
	2. ertis, you were		esstis
	3. erant, they were		essent
		FUTURE
SING.	1. er, I shall be
	2. eris, you will be
	3. erit, he will be
PLUR.	1. erimus, we shall be
	2. eritis, you will be
	3. erunt, they will be
		PERFECT
SING.	1. fu, I was (have been)		fuerim
	2. fuist, you were		fueris
	3. fuit, he was		fuerit
PLUR.	1. fuimus, we were		fuerimus
	2. fuistis, you were		fueritis
	3. furunt, fure, they were		fuerint
		PLUPERFECT
SING.	1. fueram, I had been		fuissem
	2. fuers, you had been		fuisss
	3. fuerat, he had been		fuisset

[p. 83]

PLUR.	1. fuermus, we had been	fuissmus
	2. fuertis, you had been	fuisstis
	3. fuerant, they had been	fuissent

FUTURE PERFECT
SING.	1. fuer, I shall have been	PLUR.	1. fuerimus, we shall have been
	2. fueris, you will have been		2. fueritis, you will have been
	3. fuerit, he will have been		3. fuerint, they will have been

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT	SING.	2. s, be thou	PLUR.	2. este, be ye
FUTURE		2. est, thou shalt be		2. estte, ye shall be
		3. est, he shall be		3. sunt, they shall be

	INFINITIVE
PRESENT	esse, to be
PERFECT	fuisse, to have been
FUTURE	futrus esse or fore, to be about to be
	PARTICIPLE
FUTURE	futrus, -a, -um, about to be

For essem, esss, etc., forem, fors, foret, forent, are often used; so fore for futrus esse.

The Present Participle, which would regularly be sns, ⁸⁸ appears in the adjective n-sns, innocent, and in a modified form in ab-sns, prae-sns. The simple form ns is sometimes found in late or philosophical Latin as a participle or abstract noun, in the forms ns, being; entia, things which are.

NOTE.Old forms are:Indicative: Future, escit, escunt (strictly an inchoative present, see 263. 1).

Subjunctive: Present, siem, sis, siet, sient; fuam, fus, fuat, fuant; Perfect, fvimus; Pluperfect, fvisset.

The root of the verb sum is ES, which in the imperfect is changed to ER (see 15. 4), and in many forms is shortened to S. Some of its modifications, as found in several languages more or less closely related to Latin, may be seen in the following table, the Sanskrit sym corresponding to the Latin sim (siem):

	SANSKRIT	GREEK		LATIN	LITHUANIAN
as-mi	sym (optative)	ἔμμι (old form)	s-um	sim (siem)	es-mi
as-i	sys	ἐσσί (old form)	es	ss (sis)	es-i
as-ti	syt	ἐστί	es-t	sit (siet)	es-ti
s-mas	syma	ἐσμέν	s-umus	smus	es-me
s-tha	syta	ἐστέ	es-tis	stis	es-te
s-anti	syus	ἐντί (old form)	s-unt	sint (sient)	es-ti

The Perfect and Supine stems, fu-, fut-, are kindred with the Greek ἔφυ, and with Nhe English be. [p. 84]

The Four Conjugations

Verbs are classed in Four Regular Conjugations, distinguished by the stem-vowel which appears before -re in the Present Infinitive Active:

CONJUGATION	INFINITIVE ENDING	STEM
First	-re (amre)
Second	-re (monre)
Third	-re (regre)
Fourth	-re (audre)

The Principal Parts

The Principal Parts of a verb, showing the three stems which determine its conjugation throughout, are

1. The Present Indicative (as, am) 2. The Present Infinitive (as, am-re) showing the Present Stem.

3. The Perfect Indicative (as, amv-), showing the Perfect Stem.

4. The neuter of the Perfect Participle (as, amt-um), or, if that form is not in use, the Future Active Participle (amt-rus), showing the Supine Stem.

The regular forms of the Four Conjugations are seen in the following:

First Conjugation:
Active, am, amre, amv, amtum, love.
Passive, amor, amr, amtus.
Present Stem am-, Perfect Stem amv-, Supine Stem amt-.

Second Conjugation:
Active, dle, dlre, dlv, dltum, blot out.
Passive, dleor, dlr, dltus.
Present Stem dl-, Perfect Stem dlv-, Supine Stem dlt-.

In the Second conjugation, however, the characteristic - rarely appears in the perfect and perfect participle. The common type is, therefore:
Active, mone, monre, monu, monitum, warn.
Passive, moneor, monr, monitus.
Present Stem mon-, Perfect Stem monu-, Supine Stem monit-. [p. 85]

Third Conjugation:
Active, teg, tegre, tx, tctum, cover.
Passive, tegor, teg, tctus.
Present Stem teg-, Perfect Stem tx-, Supine Stem tct-.

Fourth Conjugation:
Active, audi, audre, audv, audtum, hear.
Passive, audior, audr, audtus.
Present Stem aud-, Perfect Stem audv-, Supine Stem audt-.

In many verbs the principal parts take forms belonging to two or more different conjugations (cf. 189):
1, 2, dom, domre, domu, domitum, subdue.
2, 3, mane, manre, mns, mnsum, remain.
3, 4, pet, petre, petv, pettum, seek.
4, 3, vinci, vincre, vnx, vnctum, bind.

Such verbs are referred to the conjugation to which the Present sten conforms.

Present Stem

The parent (Indo-European) speech from which Latin comes had two main classes of verbs:

1. Thematic Verbs, in which a so-called thematic vowel (e/o, in Latin i/u) appeared between the root and the personal ending: as, leg-i-tis (for leg-e-tes), leg-u-nt (for leg-o-nti). ⁸⁹

2. Athematic Verbs, in which the personal endings were added directly to the root: as, es-t, es-tis (root ES) ⁹⁰ , d-mus (d, root DA), fer-t (fer, root FER).

Of the Athematic Verbs few survive in Latin, and these are counted as irregular, except such as have been forced into one of the four regular conjugations. Even the irregular verbs have admitted many forms of the thematic type.

Of the Thematic Verbs a large number remain. These may be divided into two classes:

1. Verbs which preserve the thematic vowel e or o (in Latin i or u) before the personal endings.These make up the Third Conjugation. The present stem is formed in various ways ( 176), but always ends in a short vowel e/o (Latin i/u). Examples are teg (stem (tege/o-), sternimus (stem (sterne/o-) for ster-no-mos, plectunt (stem (plecte/o-) for plec-to-nti. So nsc (stem (gnsce/o-) for gn-sc-. Verbs like nsc became the type for a large number of verbs in -sc, called inceptives ( 263. 1).

2. Verbs which form the present stem by means of the suffix ye/o-, which already contained the thematic vowel e/o.Verbs of this class in which any vowel (except u) came in contact with the suffix ye/o- suffered contraction so as to present a long vowel -, -, -, at the end of the stem. In this contraction the thematic e/o disappeared. These became the types of the First, Second, and Fourth conjugations respectively. In imitation of these long vowel-stems numerous verbs were formed by the Romans themselves (after the mode of formation had been entirely forgotten) from noun- and [p. 86]

adjective-stems. This came to be the regular way of forming new verbs, just as in English the borrowed suffix -ize can be added to nouns and adjectives to make verbs: as, macadamize, modernize.

Thematic verbs of the second class in which a consonant or u came into contact with the suffix ye/o- suffered various phonetic changes. Such verbs fall partly into the Third Conjugation, giving rise to an irregular form of it, and partly into the Fourth, and some have forms of both. Examples are:(cn) spici (-spicre) for speky; veni (venre) for (g) vem-y; cupi, cupre, but cupv; orior, ortur, but orr. Note, however, plu (pluere) for plu-y; and hence, by analogy, acu (acuere) for acu-y.

In all these cases many cross-analogies and errors as well as phonetic changes have been at work to produce irregularities. Hence has arisen the traditional system which is practically represented in 175, 176.

The Present Stem may be found by dropping -re in the Present Infinitive:
am-re, stem am-; mon-re, stem mon-; teg-re, stem teg-; aud-re, stem aud-.

The Present Stem is formed from the Root in all regular verbs in one of the following ways:

In the First, Second, and Fourth conjugations, by adding a long vowel (-, -, -) to the root, whose vowel is sometimes changed: as, voc-re (VOC), mon-re (MEN, cf. memin), sop-re (SOP). ⁹¹

NOTE.Verb-stems of these conjugations are almost all really formed from nounstems on the pattern of older formations (see 174).

In the Third Conjugation, by adding a short vowel e/o ⁹² to the root. In Latin this e/o usually appears as i/u, but e is preserved in some forms. Thus, tegi-s (root TEG), ali-tis (AL), regu-nt (REG); but teg-ris (teg-re), al-ris.

1. The stem-vowel e/o (i/u) may be preceded by n, t, or sc: ⁹³ as, tem-ni-tis, tem-nu-nt, tem-n-ris (TEM); plec-ti-s (PLEC); cr-sci-tis (CR).

2. Verbs in -i of the Third Conjugation (as, capi, capre) show in some forms an i before the final vowel of the stem: as, cap-i-unt (CAP), fug-i-unt (FUG).

The root may be changed

1. By the repetition of a part of it (reduplication): as, gi-gn-e-re (GEN).

2. By the insertion of a nasal (m or n): as, find-e-re (FID), tang-e-re (TAG). [p. 87]

In some verbs the present stem is formed from a noun-stem in u-, as, statu-e-re (statu-s), aestu--re (aestu-s); cf. acu, acuere. ⁹⁴

NOTE 1.A few isolated forms use the simple root as a present stem: as, fer-re, fer-t; es-se; vel-le, vul-t. These are counted as irregular.

NOTE 2.In some verbs the final consonant of the root is doubled before the stemvowel: as, pell-i-tis (PEL), mitt-i-tis (MIT).

Some verbs have roots ending in a vowel. In these the present stem is generally identical with the root: as, da-mus (DA), fl-mus (stem fl-, root form unknown). ⁹⁵ But others, as rui-mus (RU), are formed with an additional vowel according to the analogy of the verbs described in d.

NOTE.Some verbs of this class reduplicate the root: as, si-st-e-re (STA, cf. stre).

Perfect Stem

The Perfect Stem is formed as follows:

The suffix v (u) is added to the verb-stem: as, voc-v-, aud-v-; or to the root: as, son-u- (son-re, root SON), mon-u- (mon-re, MON treated as a root). ⁹⁶

NOTE.In a few verbs the vowel of the root is transposed and lengthened: as, str-v- (stern, STAR), spr-v- (spern, SPAR).

The suffix s is added to the root: as, carp-s- (CARP), tx- (for tg-s-, TEG). ⁹⁷

NOTE.The modifications of the present stem sometimes appear in the perfect: as, fnx- (FIG, present stem fing-), snx- (SAC, present stem sanc-).

The root is reduplicated by prefixing the first consonantgenerally with , sometimes with the root-vowel: as, ce-cid- (cad, CAD), to-tond- (tonde, TOND).

NOTE.In fid- (for fe-fid-, find-), scid- (for sci-scid-, scind), the reduplication has been lost, leaving merely the root.

The root vowel is lengthened, sometimes with vowel change: as, lg- (lg-), m- (m-), vd- (vd-e-), fg- (fg-i-), g- (g-).

Sometimes the perfect stem has the same formation that appears in the present tense: as, vert- (vert-), solv- (solv-).

Sometimes the perfect is formed from a lost or imaginary stem: as, pet-v- (as if from peti-, pet-re, PET).

Supine Stem

The Supine Stem may be found by dropping -um from the Supine. It is formed by adding t (or, by a phonetic change, s)

To the present stem: as, am-t-um, dl-t-um, aud-t-um.

To the root, with or without : as, cap-t-um (capi, CAP), moni-t-um (mone, MON used as root), cs-um (for cad-t-um, CAD), lc-t-um (LEG).

NOTE 1.By phonetic change dt and tt become s (dfnsum, versum for d-fendt-um, vert-t-um); bt becomes pt (scrp-t-um for scrb-t-um); gt becomes ct (rc-t-um for reg-t-um). ⁹⁸

NOTE 2.The modifications of the present stem sometimes appear in the supine: as, tnc-t-um (ting, TIG), tn-s-um for tend-t-um (ten-d-, TEN).

NOTE 3.The supine is sometimes from a lost or imaginary verb-stem: as, pet-t-um (as if from peti-, pet-re, PET).

NOTE 4.A few verbs form the supine stem in s after the analogy of verbs in d and t: as, fal-s-um (fall), pul-s-um (pell).

Forms of Conjugation

The forms of the several conjugations from which, by adding the verb-endings in 166, all the moods and tenses can be made are as follows:

The First Conjugation includes all verbs which add - to the root to form the present stem: ⁹⁹ as, am-re; with a few whose root ends in a (for, f-r; fl, fl-re; n, n-re; st, st-re).

1. The stem-vowel - is lost before -: as, am = am-(y); and in the present subjunctive it is changed to : as, am-s, am-mus.

2. The perfect stem regularly adds v, the supine stem t, to the present stem: as, am-v-, am-t-um. For exceptions, see 209. a.

The Second Conjugation includes all verbs which add - to the root to form the present stem: as, mon-re; with a few whose root ends in ; as, fle-, fl-re; ne-, n-re; re-or, r-r (cf. 176. e).

1. In the present subjunctive is added to the verb-stem: as, mone--s, mone--mus (cf. 168. e).

2. A few verbs form the perfect stem by adding v (u), and the supine stem by adding t, to the present stem: as, dl-v-, dl-t-um. But most form the perfect stem by adding v (u) to the root, and the supine stem by adding t to a weaker form of the present stem, ending in : as, mon-u-, mon-t-um. For lists, see 210. [p. 89]

The Third Conjugation includes all verbs (not irregular, see 197) which add - to the root to form the present stem: as, tegre, cap-re; with a few whose root ends in e: as, se-r-re for se-se-re (reduplicated from SE, cf. stum).

1. The stem-vowel is regularly lost before -, and becomes u ¹⁰⁰ before -nt and before the other endings of the indicative and imperative: as, teg-, tegi-t, tegu-nt; in the imperfect indicative it becomes : as, tegbam, teg-bs, etc.; in the future, : as, teg-s (except in the first person singular, tega-m, tega-r); in the present subjunctive, : as, teg-s.

Verbs in -i lose the i before a consonant and also before , , and (except in the future, the participle, the gerund, and the gerundive). Thus,capi-at, capi-unt, capi-bat, capi-s, capi-et, capi-ent; but, cap-it (not capi-it), cap-eret.

2. All varieties of perfect and supine stems are found in this conjugation. See lists, 211. The perfect is not formed from the present stem, but from the root.

The Fourth Conjugation includes all verbs which add - to the root to form the present stem: as, aud-re. ¹⁰¹ In these the perfect and supine stems regularly add v, t, to the verb-stem: as, aud-v-, audt-um. ¹⁰² Endings like those of the third conjugation are added in the third person plural of the present (indicative and imperative), in the imperfect and future indicative, and in the present subjunctive: as, audi-unt, audi-bat, audi-tis, audi-at, the i being regularly short before a vowel.

The Present Imperative Active (second person singular) is the same as the present stem: as, am, mon, teg, aud. But verbs in -i of the third conjugation omit i: as, cap (not capie).

The tenses of completed action in the Active voice are all regularly formed by adding the tense-endings (given in 166) to the perfect stem: as, amv-, amv-eram, amv-er, amv-erim, amv-issem, amv-isse.

The tenses of completed action in the Passive voice are formed by adding to the perfect participle the corresponding tenses of continued action of the verb esse: as, perfect amtus sum; pluperfect amtus eram, etc. [p. 90]

Synopsis of the Verb

The following synopsis shows the forms of the verb arranged according to the three stems ( 164). Am, a regular verb of the first conjugation, is taken as a type. PRINCIPAL PARTS: Active, am, amre, amv, amtum. Passive, amor, amr, amtus sum.

PRESENT STEM am-		PERFECT STEM amv-	SUPINE STEM amt-
	ACTIVE		PASSIVE
		Present stem, am-
		INDICATIVE
PRES.	am		amo-r
IMPERF.	am-bam		am-bar
FUT.	am-b		am-bor
		SUBJUNCTIVE
PRES.	ame-m		ame-r
IMPERF.	am-rem		am-rer
		IMPERATIVE
PRES.	am		am-re
FUT.	am-t		am-tor
		INFINITIVE
PRES.	am-re		am-r
		PARTICIPLE
PRES.	am-ns		GERUNDIVE ama-ndus
GERUND	ama-nd
Perfect stem, amv-			Supine stem, amt-
		INDICATIVE
PERF.	amv-		amt-us sum
PLUPERF.	amv-eram		amt-us eram
FUT. PERF.	amv-er		amt-us er
		SUBJUNCTIVE
PERF.	amv-erim		amt-us sim
PLUPERF.	amv-issem		amt-us essem
		INFINITIVE
PERF.	amv-isse
		Supine stem, amt-
		INFINITIVE
PERF.			amt-us esse
FUT.	amt-rus esse		amt-um r
		PARTICIPLE
FUT.	amt-rus		PERF. amt-us
SUPINE	amt-um	amt-

[p. 91]

Peculiarities of Conjugation

In tenses formed upon the Perfect Stem, v between two vowels is often lost and contraction takes place.

Perfects in -v, -v, -v, often contract the two vowels into , , , respectively: as, amsse for amvisse; amrim for amverim; amssem for amvissem; cnsurat for cnsuverat; flstis for flvistis; nsse for nvisse. So in perfects in -v, where the v is a part of the present stem: as, commrat for commverat.

NOTE.The first person of the perfect indicative (as, amv) is never contracted, the third very rarely.

Perfects in -v regularly omit v, but rarely contract the vowels except before st and ss, and very rarely in the third person perfect:
audieram for audveram; audsse for audvisse; audst for audvist; abiit for abvit; abirunt for abvrunt.

NOTE 1.The forms sris, srit, srtis, srint, for sveris etc. (from sver or sverim), are archaic.

NOTE 2.In many forms from the perfect stem is, iss, sis, are lost in like manner, when s would be repeated if they were retained: as, dxt for dxist (x = cs); trxe for trxisse; vst for vsist; vxet for vxisset; rpsmus for rpsissmus; dcsse for dcessisse. These forms belong to archaic and colloquial usage.

Four verbs,dc, dc, faci, fer,with their compounds, drop the vowel-termination of the Imperative, making dc, dc, fc, fr; but compounds in -fici retain it, as, cnfice.

NOTE.The imperative forms dce, dce, face (never fere), occur in early Latin.

For the imperative of sci, the future form sct is always used in the singular, and sctte usually in the plural.

The following ancient forms are found chiefly in poetry:

1. In the fourth conjugation, -bam, -b, for -ibam, -iam (future). These forms are regular in e, go ( 203).

2. In the present subjunctive, -im: as in duim, perduim, retained in religious formulas and often in comedy. This form is regular in sum and vol and their compounds ( 170, 199).

3. In the perfect subjunctive and future perfect indicative, -sim, -s: as, faxim, fax, iuss, recps (= fcerim etc.); ausim (= ausus sim).

4. In the passive infinitive, -ier: as, vocrier for vocr; agier for ag.

5. A form in -ss, -ssere is found used as a future perfect: as, amssis. from am; levss, from lev; impetrssere, from impetr; idicssit, from idic (cf. 263. 2. b. N.). [p. 92]

FIRST CONJUGATION (-STEMS)ACTIVE VOICE

The First Conjugation includes all verbs which add - to the root to form the present stem, with a few whose root ends in a-. The verb am, love, is conjugated as follows: PRINCIPAL PARTS: Present Indicative am, Present Infinitive amre, Perfect Indicative amv, Supine amtum.

PRESENT STEM am-	PERFECT STEM amv-	SUPINE STEM amt-
INDICATIVE		SUBJUNCTIVE
	PRESENT
am, 103 I love, am loving, do love		amem 104
ams, thou lovest (you love)		ams
amat, he (she, it) loves		amet
ammus, we love		ammus
amtis, you love		amtis
amant, they love		ament
	IMPERFECT
ambam, I loved, was loving, did love		amrem
ambs, you loved		amrs
ambat, he loved		amret
ambmus, we loved		amrmus
ambtis, you loved		amrtis
ambant, they loved		amrent
	FUTURE
amb, I shall love
ambis, you will love
ambit, he will love
ambimus, we shall love
ambitis, you will love
ambunt, they will love

[p. 93]

INDICATIVE		SUBJUNCTIVE
	PERFECT
amv, I loved, have loved		amverim
amvist, you loved		amveris
amvit, he loved		amverit
amvimus, we loved		amverimus
amvistis, you loved		amveritis
amvrunt (-re), they loved		amverint
	PLUPERFECT
amveram, I had loved		amvissem
amvers, you had loved		amvisss
amverat, he had loved		amvisset
amvermus, we had loved		amvissmus
amvertis, you had loved		amvisstis
amverant, they had loved		amvissent
	FUTURE PERFECT
Singular		Plural
amver, I shall have loved		amverimus, we shall have loved
amveris, you will have loved		amveritis, you will have loved
amverit, he will have loved		amverint, they will have loved
	IMPERATIVE
PRESENT am, love thou		amte, love ye
FUTURE amt, thou shalt love		amtte, ye shall love
amt, he shall love		amant, they shall love
	INFINITIVE
	PRESENT amre, to love
	PERFECT amvisse or amsse, to have loved
	FUTURE amtrus esse, to be about to love
	PARTICIPLES
	PRESENT amns, -antis, loving
	FUTURE amtrus, -a, -um, about to love
	GERUND
GENITIVE amand, of loving		ACCUSATIVE amandum, loving
DATIVE amand, for loving		ABLATIVE amand, by loving
	SUPINE
	amtum, to love	amt, to love

[p. 94]

FIRST CONJUGATION (-STEMS)PASSIVE VOICE

PRINCIPAL PARTS: Present Indicative amor, Present Infinitive amr, Perfect Indicative amtus sum. ¹⁰⁵

PRESENT STEM am-		SUPINE STEM amt-
INDICATIVE		SUBJUNCTIVE
	PRESENT
amor,2 I am loved, being loved 106		amer 107
amris (-re), you are loved		amris (-re)
amtur, he is loved		amtur
ammur, we are loved		ammur
ammin, you are loved		ammin
amantur, they are loved		amentur
	IMPERFECT
ambar, I was loved, being loved		amrer
ambris (-re), you were loved		amrris (-re)
ambtur, he was loved		amrtur
ambmur, we were loved		amrmur
ambmin, you were loved		amrmin
ambantur, they were loved		amrentur
	FUTURE
ambor, I shall be loved
amberis (-re), you will be loved
ambitur, he will be loved
ambimur, we shall be loved
ambimin, you will be loved
ambuntur, they will be loved

[p. 95]

INDICATIVE		SUBJUNCTIVE
	PERFECT
amtus sum, 108 I was loved		amtus sim1
amtus es, you were loved		amtus ss
amtus est, he was loved		amtus sit
amt sumus, we were loved		amt smus
amt estis, you were loved		amt stis
amt sunt, they were loved		amt sint
	PLUPERFECT
amtus eram,1 I had been loved		amtus essem1
amtus ers, you had been loved		amtus esss
amtus erat, he had been loved		amtus esset
amt ermus, we had been loved		amt essmus
amt ertis, you had been loved		amt esstis
amt erant, they had been loved		amt essent
	FUTURE PERFECT
Singular		Plural
amtus er,1 I shall have been loved		amt erimus, we shall have, etc.
amtus eris, you will have, etc.		amt eritis, you will have, etc.
amtus erit, he will have, etc.		amt erunt, they will have, etc.
	IMPERATIVE
PRESENT amre, be thou loved		ammin, be ye loved
FUTURE amtor, thou shalt be loved		-----
amtor, he shall be loved		amantor, they shall be loved
	INFINITIVE
	PRESENT amr, to be loved
	PERFECT amtus esse, to have been loved
	FUTURE amtum r, to be about to be loved
	PARTICIPLES
PERFECT	amtus, -a, -um, loved (beloved, or having been loved)
FUTURE (GERUNDIVE)	amandus, -a, -um, to-be-loved (lovely)

[p. 96]

SECOND CONJUGATION (-STEMS)

The Second Conjugation includes all verbs which add - to the root to form the present stem, with a few whose root ends in -. PRINCIPAL PARTS: Active, mone, monre, monu, monitum; Passive, moneor, monr, monitus sum.

PRESENT STEM mon-

PERFECT STEM monu-

SUPINE STEM monit-

ACTIVE VOICE		PASSIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE	SUBJUNCTIVE	INDICATIVE	SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT		PRESENT
mone, I warn	moneam1	moneor	monear 109
mons, you warn	mones	monris (-re)	moneris (-re)
monet, he warns	moneat	montur	monetur
monmus	monemus	monmur	monemur
montis	monetis	monmin	monemin
monent	moneant	monentur	moneantur
IMPERFECT		IMPERFECT
monbam	monrem	monbar	monrer
monbs	monrs	monbris (-re)	monrris (-re)
monbat	monret	monbtur	monrtur
monbmus	monrmus	monbmur	monrmur
monbtis	monrtis	monbmin	monrmin
monbant	monrent	monbantur	monrentur
FUTURE		FUTURE
monb		monbor
monbis		monberis (-re)
monbit		monbitur
monbimus		monbimur
monbitis		monbimin
monbunt		monbuntur

[p. 97]

Active Voice		Passive Voice
INDICATIVE	SUBJUNCTIVE	INDICATIVE	SUBJUNCTIVE
PERFECT		PERFECT
monu	monuerim	monitus sum	monitus sim1
monuist	monueris	monitus es	monitus ss
monuit	monuerit	monitus est	monitus sit
monuimus	monuerimus	monit sumus	monit smus
monuistis	monueritis	monit estis	monit stis
monurunt (-re)	monuerint	monit sunt	monit sint
PLUPERFECT		PLUPERFECT
monueram	monuissem	monitus eram 110	monitus essem 111
monuers	monuisss	monitus ers	monitus esss
monuerat	monuisset	monitus erat	monitus esset
monuermus	monuissmus	monit ermus	monit essmus
monuertis	monuisstis	monit ertis	monit esstis
monuera